The Economics of Information Essay - 1086 Words

Various Aspects of Economics of Information 3.1 Economics of information in Education According to Farid (2007), economics of information is based on the concept that quality information is a scarce and valuable resource. The production and dissemination of information in education constitute two major economic activities, with associated costs and benefits. The value of information depends on its degree of accuracy, completeness, timeliness, reliability, and relevance to issues under consideration. Information possessing these qualities is expected to help in decision-making by both the consumers and suppliers of education. Information is an economic good because scarce resources are employed in its production and dissemination.†¦show more content†¦3.2 Origins of the Information Society and the Information Economy An information economy is based on the idea that the processes of production, transmission, and use of information are replacing or at least dominating over industrial processes as they in turn did an agrarian economy centuries ago. Therefore an economy consists of different sectors, each present to a greater or lesser extent. These sectors consists of agricultural, industrial, service sometimes discussed separately from the information sector, sometimes as an intermediate stage of the information sector and also information where there is general consensus that information has changed from a common good to a commodity with market value and that it is recognized as the most important input to production (Webster, 2002). 3.3 Information as an Economic Good An information economy is based upon the premise that information has economic value and requires an information marketplace in which such value can be exchanged (Branscomb, 1994). The nature of information as experience good means an information good must be used or consumed in order to demonstrate the good and to determine the associated value that is not fixed or constant. Returns to scale means information has a singular cost structure which means high fixed cost but low variable and marginal cost while public good means information goods are non-rival, one persons consumption does not diminishShow MoreRelatedEconomics of Information1066 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscussions among scholars in developed countries regarding economics of information. Developed countries includes Australia, New Zealand, United States, Ireland, Germany, Japan, Canada and many more are countries that have a high level of development according to some criteria. The criterion is income per capita; countries with high gross domestic product (GDP) per capita would thus be described as developed countries. Another economic criterion is industrialization; countries in which the tertiaryRead MoreEconomic Databases Are Collections Of Economic Information That Inform The Public About Economic Growth Or Decline?1211 Words   |  5 PagesEconomic databases are collections of economic information that inform the public about important issues that show economic growth or decline. These databases are very diverse and specific ranging from unemployment statistics to construction spending. The data is then used to help calculate long term and short term growth and let people know about economic opportunities. This information can be compared to different countries to let one country know where they measure between other countries. MyRead MoreCurrent Information On The Economic Costs Of Adhd1753 Words   |  8 PagesEXECUTIVE SUMMARY In this paper I tried to summarize the current information on the economic costs of ADHD, as well as evaluate possible economic benefits of treating this condition. It is a very well-known fact that ADHD is one of the most common chronic conditions prevalent in childhood and lots of money is spent on treating this disease. The associated burden of the disease and the costs incurred are analyzed in depth in this paper. Many therapies are available for both children and adults howeverRead MoreHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health1383 Words   |  6 Pagesbest practices to enhance administration, quality and patient engagement, while securing protection and minimizing expenses (Nir Menachemi and Taleah H. Collum, 2011). This influential innovation is in direct response to the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act of 2009. Therefore in this paper one will evaluate the current state of the infrastructure in workflow and proce sses; identify the existing gaps and issues within the environment, provide solutions forRead MoreHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health1283 Words   |  6 PagesIn 2009, the U.S. Government passed The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, to promote the adoption and meaningful use of health information technology (Mangalmurti, Murtagh and Mello 2060). The HITECH Act authorizes grants and incentives to promote the â€Å"meaningful use† of electronic health records (EHR) by providers (2060). The effect is a high commitment to a technology-led system reform, urgingRead MoreHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health1484 Words   |  6 Pagesdictates that healthcare organizations must not disclose any identifying patient information, or alert any entity that a particular patient is participating in alcohol/drug treatment program. Th is type of privacy breach must be reported promptly to the internal review board (IRB), compliance officer, risk management office and the privacy officer at the healthcare organization. The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) act and the American Recovery and Reinvestment (ARRA)Read MoreInformation Technology For Economic And Clinical Health Act888 Words   |  4 Pagessuppliers. The National Quality Forum (NQF) created the idea of meaningful use; their thoughts included to enhance population health, coordination of forward planning, enhanced well-being, and patient engagement. The U.S. Healthcare Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) made motivators for embracing Meaningful Use criteria starting in 2012, with the likelihood of penalties for failing in attaining the benchmarks by 2015. In August 2012, CMS discharged the last rulesRead MoreHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health784 Words   |   4 PagesList at least five of the ways you see physicians employing meaningful use in their practices The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act is part of the American Reinvestment Recovery Act (ARRA) signed into law by President Obama on February 17, 2009. The HITECT Act introduced the concept of ‘meaningful use’ which incentivized the adoption of electronic health records (EHR) for the overall improvement of healthcare. This act authorized payments to qualifiedRead MoreHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health Essay938 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act which forces health centers to have â€Å"meaningful use† of certain services using health technology (Kruse, Bolton, Freriks, 2015). These services promote patient-centered care as it helps satisfy the Stage 2 qualification, patient engagement. Patient portals are an excellent technology tool. Therefore, the center should use patient portals. Patient portals provide all day, anytime, anywh ere access to health information usingRead MoreThe Impact Of Free Information Represent For Economic Activities1829 Words   |  8 Pages1. Executive summary: This report is about the impact that free information represent for economic activities. This subject is very important because it explains how social networks website effect the economy by increasing their own revenue, the revenue of the advertisement brands, and the number of employees. The major finding of these results on the huge number of people that are hire in these companies. 2. introduction: In the 21th century, the internet is very efficient. Most of people are

British Imperialism Essay - 1516 Words

British Imperialism In many respects, the Boer War resembles the struggle toward globalization a century later that Friedman describes in The Lexus and the Olive Tree. The British, with their more advanced industry and technology, attempted to pull the Boer Republics away from the Olive tree and into the new global economy, golden straightjacket and all. The British Empire had much at stake in the conflict, and eventually achieved its main goals. It protected its holding at Cape Town, which was essential in order to control the southern trade route to India, and resisted the threats of increased European presence in South Africa as well as the threat of Afrikaner nationalism in Cape Colony and in the Boer Republics that bordered†¦show more content†¦The long term results are best explained by acknowledging the persistence of the Olive Tree mentality among Boers, particularly with respect to racial attitudes. Boer farmers (the turtles, to use Friedman’s terminology) resisted industrialization and globalization via invasion by foreign interests almost as fiercely as they resisted their tangible assailant, the British army. Realizing that it would be best for their nation’s economy if they produced certain goods rather than importing them, the Transvaal Republic under Kruger supported and granted monopoly rights to the alcohol and glassworks industries. High-tech industries that were owned and run by international capitalists were another matter. Boers resented the expansion of mines that drew their African labor force into cities, where the Africans could earn their own money and learn about the world outside of provincial farms. While the factories might give the Boers financial opportunities, such as the ability for a young woman to earn her dowry, the cities were places to be feared, especially by unlearned, unraveled Boer families. A son who went to Johannesburg migh t be caught up in immorality, might die during an epidemic, or might be persuaded by foreign ideas or by his educational opportunities not to return home to the farm. Though BoersShow MoreRelatedBritish Imperialism1497 Words   |  6 Pagesemergence and rule of British imperialism. What were some of the key ideas and visualizations that geographers portrayed to their empires, to understand and perceive the world and places in a more complete sense? Firstly, I am looking to go over the history of British imperialism and what constituted their great success. Secondly, I will be referring to the support and importance that the Royal Geographic Society served to the empire and how they attempted to conceptualize imperialism and rule over nationsRead MoreEssay On British Imperialism1198 Words   |  5 PagesConsolidating the British Empire: The British Empire was an empire on which the sun never set. Lasting for over three hundred years, Britain became the global hegemonic power of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. From the wilds of Australia, to the fertile lands of Africa, the British Empire ruled over a quarter of the world’s population. With the empire ever expanding, visual and material culture became relied upon to help consolidate the empire. Overall, whether an advertisement for soapRead MoreBritish Imperialism1137 Words   |  5 PagesAdam Dees Dr. Herman WOH1030 2 April 2015 Impact of British Imperialism In the late 1800’s, European nations only controlled about 10 percent of the continent of Africa, France to the north and Britain to the south (Edgar, 2008). As time goes by, other countries gain conquests, mostly in western areas of Africa. This essay will go over a few key points in history that led to the Age of Imperialism and the British colonization of Southern Africa. The essay will also identify key players inRead More British Imperialism in India and China Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesBritish Imperialism in India and China Imperialism is the domination of a weaker country by a stronger country. For instance Britain dominated India and China in the mid 1880s to the beginning of the 20th century. Imperialism has had both a positive and negative effects on the countries involved. Britain was imperialistic for many reasons, it could dominate because it had the technology and power to do so. They also needed land to acquire raw materials for growing markets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One countryRead MoreNineteenth-Century British Imperialism Essay544 Words   |  3 Pages Were Economic Factors Primarily Responsible for Nineteenth-Century British Imperialism?nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In society today the almighty dollar is what motivates most people’s actions. However, there are other reasons that can promote a change within a system such as morals, religious beliefs, values, and ethics. During the nineteenth century, society was not much different from that of the present day as the economy remains one of the most important partsRead MoreBritish Empire: What is Imperialism? Essay2049 Words   |  9 PagesImperialism is defined as relationships that are unequal between two humans or territories. This is usually based on concepts of authority and the articulation of dominance over a particular territory. It comprises of the extension of control and regulation of one state over another nation. The British has been known to be a colonial power that has always practiced dominance over many states particularly in Africa. The British Empire is seen as one of the largest empires in both the past and currentRead MoreBritish Imperialism In India1626 Words   |  7 Pagesthe impact of British colonial conquest on India’s economy while lightly touch on the pre-colonial economic conditions as well. Colonialism refers to a process of control and domination where one country dominates the other. It is the control on the social, economic, and political policies of the colony countries (Emerson, 1969). Many European countries starting colonising other nations in order to gain raw materials, wealth, power and to spread their mission of civilization. The British controlledRead MoreBritish Imperialism in India Essay706 Words   |  3 Pagesgreatest human blessing - peace.† (Dutt). Merely coming to India in the 1600s to trade, the British East India Company established trading outposts. After ridding of French influence in India during the Seven Years’ War and having Indians mutiny against British rule, Britain gained full control of India. India has been under the imperialist control of the British until their independence in 1947. British imperialism caused some negative effects on India through poverty and persecution, but retained moreRead MoreImpact of British Imperialism on Malaya1320 Words   |  6 PagesCommonwealth countries, which means Malaysia was one of the British colonies. Malaysia was under British powers for approximately 446 years (from 1511 until 1957) The Portuguese, Dutch, British, Japanese even Siamese had colonized Malaya before. 1. Portuguese: 1511-1641 2. Dutch: 1641-1824 3. British: 1824-1942, 1945-1957 4. Siamese: 1821-1909 5. Japanese: 1942-1945 The British first came in the late 1700s. In the late 18th century, the British East India Company traded in and partially controlledRead MoreMotives for British Imperialism in Africa5664 Words   |  23 PagesMotives for British Imperialism in Africa Before the Europeans began the New Imperialism in Africa, very little was known about the inner parts of the continent. However, after some explorers delved deeper into the heart of Africa, the Europeans soon realized how economically important this area was, and how much they could profit from it. At the time, Britain had only small occupations of land in Africa, but after they realized that they could make money from the rich resources from the inner regions

Whether Valid Contract Between Lianne †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Whether Valid Contract Exists Between Lianne? Answer: Introducation An offer ought to be distinguished from an invitation to treat. When an offer creates a binding contract upon acceptance, an invitation to treat is like an invitation to give offers. A classic example is goods on display, the customer makes an offer to buy, and the seller decides whether to accept the offer or reject the customer's offer. Generally, advertisements are invitations to treat, as seen in the case of Partridge v Crittenden (1968) 2 All ER 425. The negotiations start to take place when someone reads such advertisements. Depending on the clarity of such advertisements, and the absence of the need for further negotiations, the advertisement can amount to an offer and not an invitation to treat (McKendrick, Liu, 2015). In Harvey vs Facey (1893), usually, the statement of price is an invitation to treat. However, if a certain shop has always accepted a certain price, going to the counter would be acceptance of the offer. If a specific price is given for a particular item, explicitly, this will be construed as containing all the terms, thus amounting to an offer. Also, one needs to look at whether further negotiations will be needed and whether the already given terms are sufficient. If the terms are met, then it becomes and offer as opposed to an invitation to treat. Only in particular circumstances an invitation to treat amounts to an offer, as we see in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball co [1893] 1 QB 256. The question to be is asked, if after an offer is made, are there further questions to be asked, or negotiations to take place? Elements of a Contract A contract is deemed to exist when there is an offer, acceptance, then consideration and intention of the parties to be bound by the contract. Offer is distinguished from an invitation to treat, in that an invitation to treat is merely an invitation for customers to submit their offers. An invitation to treat is distinguished from an offer, because it does not have intentions to be bound; it only shows there is willingness to deal (McKendrick, Liu, 2015). The advertisement on Mary's website is an invitation to treat falling under the case of Partridge v Crittenden (1968) 2 All ER 425. The advertisement by Mary invites the public to make an offer on their packages, then they will decide whether to accept the offer or not. There is a starting price of $500 for a group of five and the rest of the prices are negotiable. When Lianne gives Mary a description of what she wants and requests a quote, the quote becomes the offer, because it has a specific amount of $10,000 which Mary will charge Lianne. Therefore, the quote amounts to an offer falling under Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball co [1893] 1 QB 256. Lianne proposes that the price is too high and makes a counter- offer asking Mary to take $9500. Mary accepts the offer, but only on a condition that the lower figure is open for seven days and that within that time Lianne should provide a 10% none- refundable deposit. This creates a conditional contract, and in the event that such condition is not met, the offer lapses, and a contract is not created. Lianne is not able to respond to Mary on time and is not able to fulfil the condition of giving her a none- refundable deposit within seven days. Lianne responds on 20th of June, which is ten days later. The contract that was initially created by Mary accepting $9,500 from Lianne was a conditional contract and unless the condition is satisfied, the agreement is not enforceable. Hence, the contract failed on the basis of the condition of seven days and the 10% deposit not being paid on time. When Lianne gets back to Mary on the 20th, a new offer is made when Mary offers $9500 by the next day, and Lianne creates a counter- offer by saying she will want $10,000 due to increased costs. Mary does not want to be quibble and tells Mary that she can go on with the 10K deal. Here, Lianne accepts Mary's offer, and a contract is created. There is offer, acceptance, consideration and the parties have the intentions to be bound by the contract. To sum up, both parties are bound by the contract as per the exchanges made on the 20th. Mary is right about the existence of a contract. However, it is not based on the quote, but the exchanges made on the 20th. This is because the first quote of $10,000 was revoked by the counter offer by Lianne of $9500, and the agreement on $9500 was subsequently revoked by failure to meet the conditions given by Mary. Both parties had intentions to be bund, this a valid contract exists between both of them, thus raising rights and obligations for both parties.Under Australian laws, there is automatic protection and guarantee that services and goods will work and do as a consumer requested. If something does not fit the requested specifications, then one has right to be refunded, get a repair or replacement The Australian consumer Law (ACL) protects consumers and promotes fair trading. The ACL provides a guarantee by suppliers that their services are provided with due skill and care under section (60). If there is a breach of this requirement, a consumer can bring an action for negligence against the supplier or seller of services. The other guarantee are that services ought to be fit for consumption as provided in section 61. This section also guarantees that the supplier of such services is fit and professional in their mode of supply of the services. Reasonable time is also key, in regards to when such services ought to be supplied and reasonable time depends on the given circumstances. A supplier may be subjected to refund, repair or replace under section 260 due to a major failure. The major failure can include; if the goods are unfit for the disclosed purpose by the consumer made during the negotiations. Also, if the goods are of unsafe or of unacceptable quality. If a supplier fails to comply with the consumer guarantees, causing a major failure, section hh268 applies. Under this section, If a contract is formed between the parties for $9500. On 30th of July, which is an agreed date, Lianne and her friends board a boat arranged by Mary. The drinks supplied are Russian food style as opposed to the ordered Malaysian cuisine. Also, the boat was cramped and could not accommodate all Lianne's friends. Then Mary complains to Linane that she is a consumer and she has rights, however, all the food was consumed. Mary supplies services which are fit and professional to a certain extent. We also see that the food was consumed, thus fit for human consumption. From this case scenario, we see Lianne does not assert her rights at the point of the delivery of services. This could mean acceptance of the services as delivered, or waiver of her rights when she accepted to use the services and consume the food as brought to her. Lianne goes ahead and uses the services provided, and consumes all the food. This implies that she was okay with the services provided. Even if she decides to claim for a refund, it will be hard because, she ought to give Mary consideration for all the food and services provided, which she did not reject at the first instance. Mary has already gone through certain expense which she ought to compensate. Lianne perhaps can only sue for minimal damages on the loss of expectations in regards to the small space on the boat. The business advertiser needs to be careful about statements made in its advertisements given that they are subject to legal rules developed by the courts as well as by parliament (through legislation) Advertisements in Australia are subject to legal rules developed by courts and parliament Businesses in Australia market to promote their services and goods. Whatever form such advertisements take, they ought to comply with the law. Some regulations in Australia govern advertisement and marketing like The Australian Consumer Law (ACL). Selling and advertisement practices have rapidly evolved, and apart from Television and Radio advertisement, such advertisement also occurs in the online environment. Such online advertisement includes shipping sites, emails, social networks and search engines. The advertising regulations require that customers must have the whole picture of what is being advertised. The discounts have to be genuine, and the information given should be factual. In an overall overview, the impression is given by and advertisement should not be misleading. The regulations also require that a person should know about running promotions and completion. An advertiser needs to know the regulations governing advertisements before advertising services and products. An honest advertisement is required by law, in as much as it is good for business. When selling services and products, consumer advertisement laws have certain regulations and rules which businesses ought to follow. The ACL covers different areas of advertising. Such areas include deceptive conduct which can be misleading to consumers. This includes disclaimers, information which can be misleading. Section 18, of the Competition and Consumer Act of 2010 discourages advertisements which are deceptive and can mislead customers by omission. An example is making a representation in regards to a future, it ought to be based on reasonable grounds, and otherwise, it will be deemed misleading. Silence and omission can also be considered conduct which is misleading. An ACCC guidance of 2014, April was released to give advertiser's guidance to do their advertisement. Advertisement in social media ought to ensure the information being advertised is accurate. Those managing reviews which are usually made online should ensure reviews do not mislead customers. Where products are grown or originate from is also an important factor in influencing the decisions of customers. A representation of a country made legally should be truthful and accurate (Pearson, 2010). Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), which is Australia's national agency concerned with competition matters. Fair trade and consumer practices are promoted by ACCC. The Competition and the Consumer Act of 2012, protects Australia's consumer laws. Laws impose penalties on a misleading advertisement. It does not matter whether the misleading information was intentional of not. Other industry specific regulations and codes govern advertisement in Australia. Such codes include those apply to certain services or products such as financial services, food and therapeutic goods. The Australian and New Zealand Food Standards Code and the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 (Cth) is the addition which governs these areas of goods and services. Additionally, the Australian industry is self- regulated, whereby there are different codes of conduct in the industry which guide advertisers in regards to how they need to carry out business. There is also self- regulation in regards to compl iance with these codes, however, market pressure is put on the advertisers to comply. Prescription medicine in Australia should not be advertised in Australia; such advertisement is not allowed. Some advertisements discourage use of certain goods like tobacco, which are harmful to a person's health. In Australia, advertisement of gambling services is banned, and any form of such advertisements are not allowed (Pearson, 2010). Conclusion In the global context, the biggest brands such as apple, coca cola and Microsoft have been able to integrate advertisement and law. The consumer Australian law has provided a stronger enforcement through the ACCC. Various internet and telecommunications have obtained fines on misleading advertisements. The ACCC has issues infringement notices to misleading advertisers for breaches which amount to millions of dollars. The ACL is contained in the Competition and Consumer Act of 2010. To sum up, the consumer protections in Australia have sufficiently protected the rights of advertisers because they apply equally across Australia. References Legislations Competition and Consumer Act of 2010 McKendrick, E., Liu, Q. (2015). Contract Law: Australian Edition. Palgrave Macmillan. Pearson, G. (2010). Financial Services Law and Compliance in Australia. Cambridge University Press.

Thomas Jefferson Essays - Thomas Jefferson, , Term Papers

Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson is remembered in history not only for the offices he held, but also for his belief in the natural rights of man as expressed in the Declaration of Independence and his faith in the people's ability to govern themselves. He left an impact on his times equaled by few others in American history. Born on April 13, 1743, Jefferson was the third child in the family and grew up with six sisters and one brother. Though he opposed slavery, his family had owned slaves. From his father and his environment he developed an interest in botany, geology, cartography, and North American exploration, and from his childhood teacher developed a love for Greek and Latin. In 1760, at the age of 16, Jefferson entered the College of William and Mary and studied under William Small and George Wythe. Through Small, he got his first views of the expansion of science and of the system of things in which we are placed. Through Small and Wythe, Jefferson became acquainted with Governor Francis Fauquier. After finishing college in 1762, Jefferson studied law with Wythe and noticed growing tension between America and Great Britain. Jefferson was admitted to the bar in 1767. He successfully practiced law until public service occupied most of his time. At his home in Shadwell, he designed and supervised the building of his home, Monticello, on a nearby hill. He was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1769. Jefferson met Martha Wayles Skelton, a wealthy widow of 23, in 1770 and married her in 1772. They settled in Monticello and had one son and five daughters. Only two of his children, Martha and Mary, survived until maturity. Mrs. Martha Jefferson died in 1782, leaving Thomas to take care of his two remaining children. Though not very articulate, Jefferson proved to be an able writer of laws and resolutions he was very concise and straight to the point. Jefferson soon became a member in a group which opposed and took action in the disputes between Britain and the colonies. Together with other patriots, the group met in the Apollo Room of Williamsburg's famous Raleigh Tavern in 1769 and formed a nonimportation agreement against Britain, vowing not to pay import duties imposed by the Townshend Acts. After a period of calmness, problems faced the colonists again, forcing Jefferson to organize another nonimportation agreement and calling the colonies together to protest. He was chosen to represent Albermarle County at the First Virginia Convention, where delegates were elected to the First Continental Congress. He became ill and was unable to attend the meeting, but forwarded a message arguing that the British Parliament had no control over the colonies. He also mentioned the Saxons who had settled in England hundred of years before from Germany and how Parliament had no more right to govern the colonies than the Germans had to govern the English. Most Virginians saw this as too extreme, though. His views were printed in a pamphlet called A Summary of the Rights of British America (1774). Jefferson attended the Second Virginia Convention in 1775 and was chosen as one of the delegates to the Second Continental Congress, but before he left for Philadelphia, he was asked by the Virginia Assembly to reply to Lord North's message of peace, proposing that Parliament would not try to tax the settlers if they would tax themselves. Jefferson's "Reply to Lord North" was more moderate that the Summary View. Instead of agreeing with Lord North, Jefferson insisted that a government had been set up for the Americans and not for the British. The Declaration of Independence was primarily written by Jefferson in June 1776. Congress felt that the Declaration was too strong and gave Dickinson the responsibility of redrafting the document, but the new version included much of Jefferson's original text and ideas. In 1779, Jefferson became governor of Virginia, guiding Virginians through the final years of the Revolutionary War. As a member of the Second Continental Congress, he drafted a plan for decimal coinage and composed an ordinance for the Northwest Territory that formed the foundation for the Ordinance of 1787. In 1785, he became minister to France. Appointed secretary

5 parts of the run free essay sample

1. scene survey/ ABCDE’s A. scene survey a. location b. clues at scene c. weather d. time of day e. patient position f. determine MOI or nature of illness g. consider back up h. Anything about the patient that jumps out at you! i. Age, sex/Wt. Walk up to patient introduce yourself and check for pulse. Determine the C/C B. ABCDE’s   C-spine if any suspected trauma or injuries r/o later if not needed a. Airway-determine if the airway is open if closed open with head tilt chin lift or in trauma jaw trust maneuver. If the patient is alert and responsive the airway is patent. Assess, intervene, reassess b. Breathing- determines if breathing is adequate or inadequate (lung sounds, O2 sat). Asses breathing by looking listening and feeling for amount of air in/out (tidal volume, place hand on chest) and the rate of breathing. Look for any obvious signs such as JVD, apnea, nasal flaring, trachea tugging, outside the rate 8-24 adult and unequal movement. We will write a custom essay sample on 5 parts of the run or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If adequate o2 therapy if not BVM. Assess, intervene, reassess. c. Circulation-pulse; assess if there is a pulse or no pulse if no pulse in wrist (80mmHg) go to brachial (70mmHg) then carotid (60mmHg) determine the regularity and strength(EKG), possible major bleeding; control any arterial bleeding or venous bleeding by placing gloved hand and then getting pressure dressing, skin color: assessing color, temperature and condition, capillary refill (immediate2sec).assess, intervene, reassess d. Disability- alert and orientation use AVPU or BRIM or Glasgow coma scale. What, where, when, how it occurred, recall event (AOX4), events leading to injury. Causes of ALOC AEIOUTIPS, e. Expose, Examine, Environment- expose any life threating injuries or pertinent negatives (chest pain expose chest, abdominal pain expose abdomen etc)  examine for pertinent negatives (intercostals muscle use, abdominal rigidity, guarding, JVD etc†¦) consider environment affecting patient( cold dangerous etc..) Consider status of patient: Mild (0to1 sign and symptom, moderate 2to3 signs and symptoms, acute 3 or more signs and symptoms) General impression and transport decision split with partner here. 2. Investigation of C/C chief complaint: Medical Trauma or ALOC, language barrier OnsetBreathing tidal volume, effectiveness ProvokedResponse (person, place, time, event) QualityI eyes (PERL) Radiation, relief, reoccurrence, regionMotor sensation (MAEX4) SeverityChest (pertinent negatives) TimeAbdomen (pertinent negatives) Cap Refill (immediate or delayed) May have to do Y/N questions. Follow up with bystanders Special questions when find pertinent negatives (physical findings) 3. Paramedic Vitals/signs Pulse LOC Respirations Lungs Sounds O2 SaturationSugar Blood PressureSkins EyesTemp EKG Prioritize vitals Marry vitals to C/C (lung sounds, respirations, O2 Sat) Always do first set If done in initial assessment do again! Act on abnormal vitals Consider specialize vitals Orthostatic (lying flat, sitting up, standing) 4. Focused history and physical exam, special questions( narrow down C/C): Complete Head to toe (secondary) or a rapid trauma assessment (for patients with ALOC or significant MOI, or critical findings in Initial assessment and for unknown injuries suspected) Focused trauma assessment(focused on injury site, for No MOI, no multiple injuries, No ALOC, No critical findings on initial assessment) same for medical either focused or rapid medical(head to toe) Obtain Sample (use team effort radio person can obtain) special questions with pertinent negatives (JVD, intercostal muscle use are you have chest pain with SOB etc)

Online Business Issues

Online Business Issues Big Data and eBusiness Relevance Nowadays, more people get to know the term Big Data and try to understand its essence and make use of it to benefit in the chosen activities. According to Yin, Jiang, Lin, Luo, and Liu (2014), Big Data makes it possible to open a new era of science and human abilities to discover it through data-driven computing.  Many scientists and researchers offer their ideas on how to develop the Big Data paradigm and why people need pay more attention to this concept.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Online Business Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, Jao (2014), the CEO of one of the retention automation platform for eCommerce, admits that Big Data is beneficial from a variety of perspectives: it helps to improve business, choose the best advertising, decide on the marketing strategies, control customer retention, etc. It is hard to imagine the world of eBusiness, and eCommer ce in particular, without Big Data. Its impact remains to be huge, and the following examples can prove its urgency.  First of all, the organisation of information can be facilitated. For a long period, different companies have been challenged to collect, save, and keep data from different sources at one place. It was necessary to spend much time analysing each piece of the source chosen. Big Data helps to extract a certain value from data given (Nwokpoku 2015). People, who are involved in eBusiness, win a lot with Big Data concept due to the existing relevance by means of which people can combine data from browsers, social media, and different records and underline those ideas that become more important.  Secondly, Big Data provides business people with an opportunity to make decisions that are more informed and data-driven. The key features of this concept are variability, velocity, variety, and value (Gandomi Haider 2014). They show that each piece of information is a powerf ul combination of different credible facts that may touch upon different spheres of life and help people make fast and properly-grounded decisions. Such ability is necessary for the world of eBusiness; therefore, this relevance cannot be neglected in the analysis. Thirdly, the personalisation of information becomes possible with Big Data. Though some people may think that such general concept with a variety of sources can hardly promote privacy or similar issues, Big Data is created to help sellers observe the changes of users’/consumers’ behaviour and make the necessary connections to realise what can be done more to achieve more efficient results. Finally, it is wrong to believe that Big Data and eBusiness relevance is only about some positive aspects. All people, who are going to use it, should remember that Big Data is a complex mechanism that can work only for those, who know how to use it, when to stop or change a direction, and how to make the correct solutions. Big Data, as well as eCommerce, is a big world of information from different regions. It is so hard to get lost, and people should be ready for any challenge.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More How to handle Big Data for a company As Chief Information Officer (CIO), I want to underline that it is not an easy task to handle Bib Data for any company. Each manager has to be ready to learn a lot and improve personal knowledge constantly because the majority of technical errors happen because of people, who make mistakes, not because of some technological glitches. I want to underline that Big Data should be treated in two different ways: on the one hand, it is a marketing term that involve people, their needs, interests, and offers; on the other hand, it is a technical term because it depends on technologies and the way they can work.  To benefit from Big Data, it is important to pay more attention to a company’s informative lifecycle process. It is not enough to check the quality of information; it is necessary to consider the insights and criticise them on a professional level. The company should have powerful leaders, who can set the goals clearly, choose the most talented managers, who can organise the work with information, and underline the importance of a company as a whole because Big Data is for a team not for one person (McAfee Brynjolfsson 2012). Impact of the Internet on Porter’s 5 Forces Model The sphere of eBusiness undergoes considerable changes because of the Internet and people’s burning desire to use it all the time. Still, the changes are not always positive. The Internet is one of the most unpredictable inventions on the earth, and it is hard to guess if it is a chance or a challenge. As many business models and strategies, Porter’s model undergoes certain changes as soon as the Internet spreads i ts power over people. Though Karagiannopoulos, Georgopoulos, and Nikolopoulos (2005) found out that the Internet did not promote significant changes, and this traditional model can be used for the examination of business and its peculiarities. Porter’s model is a powerful attempt to analyse the world of business with its threats of entrants and substitutes, power of buyers and suppliers, and rivalry that has been developing during a considerable period (Hax 2009). It helps to understand if the company is profitable enough for competitions and investments. The modern world of business depends on how its people can use Porter’s model and choose the most appropriate ways to succeed. At the same time, the modern eBusiness world has been dramatically changed because of the Internet and the opportunities available. Therefore, the impact of the Internet on the Five Competitive Forces remains to be crucial and cannot be controlled by those, who know a little about actual abili ties of the Internet.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Online Business Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More All business students are provided with knowledge about the Internet’s direct impact on business. Though students spend much time learning and analysing the current opportunities and technological progress, they cannot understand how exactly this issue defines the quality of all work done. Not all business people are ready to compare the possibilities of the past with the possibilities of the future to make the correct decision today. Porter’s model is about the analysis, and if the Internet changes the compositions of the analysis, it will change the essence of the analysis itself. It is wrong to believe that no dramatic changes can happen to the model. It is inappropriate to believe that the change of one aspect can lead to the change of another aspect. It may happen that the Internet can in fluence the bargaining power of buyers or substitutes and has nothing to offer to change the threats of entry. Therefore, the analysis of each dimension is necessary. How the Internet Changes the Game The Internet has enough powers to impact business games modern people are so eager to play day by day and promote economic benefits (Bernard Souza 2009). Even if people do not want to agree with the fact that they are the players that can win or lose one day, all business people want to use their thinking abilities and chances to achieve more (Werbach Hunter 2012). Each dimension of Porter’s model changes because of the power of the Internet to business. The bargaining power of customers and buyers may be considerably increased due to a variety of information available through the Internet. The threat of new entrants and substitute products may be also changed, still, it is hard to predict what kind of changes can be. On the one hand, it is easier to enter a new market with th e Internet because there is no necessity to open a real store or business centre or something else (Morais, Pires, Moreira 2012). It is enough to create a captivating site and make people learn about their possibilities for the services offered. On the other hand, people can get access to many e-business companies that can offer the same services at more reasonable prices. Therefore, the level of substitutes and abilities of business players can be dramatic for each other. The peculiar feature of the Internet is its ability to create unexpected outcomes and influence the whole system in the most unpredictable way. And if Porter’s model has been always about something that is expected and can be explained, it cannot stay this way because of the Internet opportunities for people, who develop e-business.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The rivalry achieves a new stage because of the Internet as well. People have to think how to spread their services and offers globally. It is not enough to achieve some local benefits. It is more important to inform as many people as possible to underline the urgency and success of the chosen business. Reference List Bernard, RRS Souza, MP 2009, ‘Dominance in online business games competitions’, Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning, 36, pp. 287-294. Gandomi, A Haider, M 2014, ‘Beyond the hype: big data concepts, methods, and analytics’, International Journal of Information Management, vol. 35, pp. 134-144. Hax, AC 2009, The Delta model: reinventing your business strategy, Springer Science Business Media, Cambridge, MA. Jao, J 2014, ‘Why big data is a must in ecommerce’, The Big Data Landscape. Web. Karagiannopoulos, G.D., Georgopoulos, N. and Nikolopoulos, K 2005, ‘Fathoming Porters five forces model in the in ternet era’, Info, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 66 – 76. McAfee, A Brynjolfsson, E 2012, ‘Big Data: the management revolution’, Harvard Business Review. Web. Morais, EP, Pires, JA, Moreira, R 2012, ‘E-business maturity: constraints associated with their evolution’, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 280-300. Nwokpoku, J 2015, ‘Big data: driving e-business through open access’, Vanguard. Web. Werbach, K Hunter, D 2012, For the win: how game thinking can revolutionize your business, Wharton Digital Press, Philadelphia, PA. Yin, H, Jiang, Y, Luo, Y, Liu, Y 2014, ‘Big data: transforming the design philosophy of future internet’, IEEE Network Magazine, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 14-19.

The major operating system and network you are using on a daily basis Essay

The major operating system and network you are using on a daily basis - Essay Example First a cable based on CAT6a ( Able Infrastructure Solutions, n.d.) 1 Gbps switched network. The Second is an 802.11n wireless (Wi-Fi) network. Both networks are configured with Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) (TCP/IP), Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPV4). (Brookshear, et al., 2011) The operating system and network are adequately designed and developed to perform their tasks in our environment. †¢ Windows OS allows for quick develop of wide and varied multithread applications. Ability to support a wide variety of hardware devices through device drivers is important in a hospital setting as is an interactive user experience through use of a GUI interface. †¢ Combining a star and bus network topology creates a scalable network, with the ability to maintain a requirement for low amounts of down time encase of failure of devices. (Brookshear, et al., 2011) The advantages outweigh and disadvantages the Windows OS bring can be summarised as: †¢ The advantages are outweigh such as quicker support for newer hardware, vendors availability of readymade applications and varied devices available that work with Windows vs. other OS’s (MNS Group, 2012) †¢ Ability to be adapted and access to a wide support knowledge base to fix problems or issues A few highlighted disadvantages to the Windows OS are: †¢ Vulnerability to frequent virus or security attacks. Microsoft does offer regular security updates to protect against vulnerabilities. †¢ Closed source single source for procuring creates high acquisition cost for this OS. †¢ Variable hardware implementation compatibilities can create high support workload (RJ Systems, 2010) (Stallings, 2005)

Summarise the main criticisms that Jane Jacobs levelled at urban Essay

Summarise the main criticisms that Jane Jacobs levelled at urban planning thought at the beginning of the 1960s, and discuss whether her criticisms are still relevant to planners today - Essay Example Jane Jacobs was particularly active in her role against the surge of urban renewal politics that emerged in the past-war period. She was of the view that modernist urban renewal measures destroyed cities rather than improving the social and economical conditions that needed to be addressed. In the post-war period, that is the period after the Second World War, there arose a need for the redevelopment of bombed cities. It was decided to rebuild them on an organized framework and proper planning. However, there arose many criticisms to the approach adopted by architects and engineers. The critique that Jacobs leveled at the renewal plan was normative in nature, emphasizing on the values of the planning rather than the physical design. One of her significant contributions is her perception of cities as â€Å"problems of organized complexity,† which entail â€Å"dealing simultaneously with a sizeable number of factors which are interrelated into an organic whole† (Jacobs 1992). One of the criticisms that Jacobs put across was the ideology of utopian comprehensiveness. In plan cities effectively and sustain the development plans, Jacobs saw the need to have an acute understanding of the way cities function. If city planners did not understand the lifestyles and needs of the residents, they would not be able to devise a plan that incorporated the needs of the community. Therefore she rejected the ideal models that emerged during post-war planning of towns and cities. According to Jacobs, Howard’s garden city model, and Le Corbusier’s vision of the city of the future and his radiant city did not explicitly illustrate a framework that fulfilled of the needs of the community and led to a more functional urban setting. Her argument was that modern city planners had little insight into the functioning of cities, their models can not

Morality as Anti-Nature Essay Example for Free

Morality as Anti-Nature Essay Friedrich Nietzsche stands as one of the philosophers who tackled about the complexities of human existence and its condition. It is noteworthy to state that most of his works made several standpoints to what he refers to as the Ubermensch. The conception of such is designed to inspire the individual to substantiate his existence and rouse his self-overcoming and affirmative character. This can be said to arise from the idea of creating a self through the process of undergoing a destructive condition that enables the self to acquire greater power in relation to others. The development of such a self is dependent upon the recognition of the anti-naturalistic character of morality which he discusses in The Twilight of the Idols in the section entitled â€Å"Morality as Anti-Nature†. Within the aforementioned text, Nietzsche argues that morality hinders the individual from experiencing life as it limits an individual’s freewill thereby in the process leading to the creation of an individual who is incapable of life itself. He states, morality is a â€Å"revolt against life† (2006, p. 467). It is a revolt against life as it is based on the negation of an individual’s basic instinct to act freely in accordance to his passions. According to Nietzsche, this is evident in the case of Christian morality which places emphasis on the control of the passions. Within Christian morality, an individual who is incapable of controlling his passions is considered to be immoral as he is incapable of practicing restraint upon himself. Examples of this are evident if one considers that within Christian morality, to be saintly requires restraining one’s desires and hence one can only follow the path of Christ if one denies all of his desires, the denial of which involves the denial of all worldly things. He states, within the context of this morality â€Å"disciplining†¦has put the emphasis throughout the ages on eradication†¦but attacking the passions at the root means attacking life at the root: the practice of the church is inimical to life (Nietzsche, 2006, p. 66). The practice of the church, its imposition of morality contradicts the essence of life which is the actualization of an individual’s self since it delimits an individual to one particular kind of existence. For example, Christian morality has the Ten Commandments. If an individual follows these commandments, the individual’s spiritual life is ensured in the afterworld. Nietzsche argues that by following these commandments, the individual is at once delimited to one particular form of existence. This does not necessarily mean that Nietzsche applauds acts of murder; he is merely stating that by following moral rules and moral norms the individual is at once preventing himself from the experiencing a particular form of life and hence the actuality of life itself. It is important to note that by presenting a criticism of Christian moral values and moral values in general, Nietzsche does not necessarily prescribe an individual to follow his moral code. In fact one might state that Nietzsche does not possess a moral code. He states, Whenever we speak of values, we speak under the inspiration†¦of life: life forces us to establish values; life itself evaluates through us when we posit values†¦It follows from this that even that anti-nature of a morality which conceives God as the antithesis and condemnation of life is merely a value judgment on the part of life. (Nietzsche, 2006, p. 467) Within this context, Nietzsche recognizes that the anti-nature of morality is a value in itself. It differs however from a moral code since it does not delimit an individual by prescribing actions which he ought and ought not to follow. The importance of the anti-nature of morality lies in its emphasis on the affirmation of the individual. Within the text, Nietzsche claims, â€Å"morality in so far as it condemns†¦is a specific error†¦We seek our honour in being affirmative† (2006, p. 468). It is within this context that one may understand why for Nietzsche; the Ubermensch is an individual whose choices are dependent upon the ends justifying the means since to state that one performs a particular action since the means justifies the end is equivalent to performing a particular action since the act itself adheres to what a particular moral rule considers to be ‘good’. This is evident if one considers that in order for an individual S to consider Q a ‘good’ act wherein Q is good due to P and Q necessarily follows from P, it is necessary for P to be good within the context of a moral norm M. For example, a person may consider giving alms to the poor good since the act of giving alms itself is considered ‘good’ within the context of a particular moral norm. As opposed to the example mentioned above, the Ubermensch acts in accordance to what may be achieved by an act [the end of the act itself] since what the Ubermensch places emphasis on is the joy that may be achieved in the act itself. Alex MacIntyre states, â€Å"joy in the actual and active of every kind constitutes the fundamental end from which Nietzsche develops his critique of morality† (1999, p. 6). Although Nietzsche’s criticism of morality and its constraints upon an individual are valid, it is still impossible to conceive of a world wherein no morality is applied. Within the context of social reality, moral norms function to ensure order within society. Although laws may function by themselves to ensure the order of society, laws themselves are dependent upon a particular moral norm which the society adheres to. References McIntyre, A. (1997). The Sovereignty of Joy: Nietzsche’s Vision of Grand Politics. Toronto: U of Toronto P. Nietzsche, F. (2006). Morality as Anti-Nature. The Nietzsche Reader. Eds. K. Ansell-Pearson D. Large. London: Wiley-Blackwell.

Spring Oscillation to Find the Spring Constant

Spring Oscillation to Find the Spring Constant Title: Using a spring oscillation to find the spring constant. The aim of my report is to find the K (spring constant) by measuring the time of 10 complete oscillations with the range of mass of 0.05kg up to 0.3kg. It was been demonstrated by the lecturer and also the following instruction that I’ve been given. This experiment will show and prove that with this method, we can calculate the spring constant by using the following formula, In the meantime, we’ll be experience that we can get to find the spring constant, k, through this type method. What is a spring constant? Spring constant is a measure of stiffness or the ability to resist displacement under a load. It is denoted by K where; The SI unit for the spring constant; Nm-1 The spring constant tells u that it is the ratio of change of force with respect of deflection. So in other words, it is directly proportional to each other. The spring constant can also be known as the force constant. It is a measure of the elasticity of the spring. In theory, the more its elastic value, the more the force you will need to act to extend the spring. For example, a short spring has a higher spring constant than that of a long spring IF the other aspects or characteristics of it are the same or equal (thickness, material). It will take you 10N to extend a short spring with 1cm. To extend the long spring by the same amount, it would take less force, perhaps 5N for example. Introduction on Hooke’s Law Hooke’s law is the law of elasticity that was founded by the English scientist, Robert Hooke in the early 1660. It states that the extension or compression of a spring is directly proportional to the force exerted upon it. Sometimes Hooke’s law is formulated asF=−kx where as in this expressionFis no longer the applied force but it was the equal and oppositely directed restoring force that causes elastic materials like springs to return to their original forms. The law can also be expressed as the ratio of stress and strain. Stress is the force on unit areas within a material that develops as a result of the externally applied force while strain is the relative deformation produced by stress. For relatively small stresses, stress is proportional to strain. For particular expressions of Hooke’s law in this form, see bulk modulus; shear modulus; Young’s modulus. Diagram of the apparatus used Clear Description of the Method Used As can be seen from the previous page, these are the description of the method by using the apparatus from the picture and as prepared by the lecturer. At first, set up the apparatus which demonstrated by the lecturer. Hang the first mass on the spring. Allow the mass to oscillate up and down with a small amplitude and measure the time for ten complete oscillations. Calculate the average from both of the time’s sets. Find the time period T by dividing the average time by 10 Repeat all of the measuring of time by 5 more times with different masses which are from 0.05g. Make a table regarding the results that you analysed. Data Analysis Table Graph of T ² (y-axis) against m (x-axis) Analysis Discussion The first thing that needed to do is get all the information of the data that I’ve collected from this experiment using the method and Hooke’s Law. Next step, all the result data were then arranged in a Microsoft Excel, which is to be completed by using the table. With the results that I’ve got from the method to measure k (speed constant) and for every each of the value from the â€Å"Blue dots†, (from the graph) was accurate enough to its original value. Although, most of my values are in the range of 2 N/m, it is acceptable. Gradient To find the gradient of the graph, firstly, we need two particular points which included 2 values from x-axis and 2 more values from y-axis. The formula to find gradient is à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   The equation of a line is à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   For example, these values are from the graph: à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   (0.06, 0.06) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   (0.29, 0.46) SUBSTITUTE à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   = 1.74 (value of my gradient) (look at my graph) Therefore it links with the equation of a line which is, Like this, Therefore the gradient is, Thus, substitute the following gradient value with this to find k. Value of k (speed constant) Finding the value of k, from the equation, The gradient that I found is 1.74N/m. Substitute it into the following gradient formula, Total value of k = 22.7Nmˆ°Ã‚ ¹ Percentage Difference (My total original value of spring constant divided by the value of spring constant) Multiply by 100. Ãâ€" 100 = 60.3% Accuracy and reliability First thing that we should know is that the spring constant is depended on the displacement under a load. So by the result that I have calculated with the method and the formula given to find T ² from the lecturer is not accurate as we would expected because of the formula that we should use is † â€Å". The required unit for spring constant value is the acceleration of the free fall gravity and the displacement of the spring. Even though we can find the constant K by using the method from our lecturer, it will not be as accurate as the one with the formula â€Å"â€Å", and with measuring time there’s a lot of miss accurate because of the possibility of human error. We can also substitute into† â€Å", however there is no value given for the length or displacement of the springs given, thus, giving us more uncertainties error. Comment: Reasons for Uncertainties Amplitude is different from each of the results causing it not to be precise. The disability of finding the missing length of the spring which is not constructed by the lecturer is very important to find the spring constant. Spring constant cannot be invented because as the number of how much weight or force that we need to apply to make the spring extended by 1 metre and based on the spring function. Due to the human error, the reaction of calculating time of the stopwatch will never be accurate. The measurement of an angle from working out the oscillation is inaccurate. Improvement for Uncertainties Firstly, we need the value of the spring length which will be easier to be calculated and comparing the percentage difference between the method that I’ve used and the one with this improvement. If there is a modern technology that can be invented that can measure the length of the spring when they stretch and to determine the time of oscillation with the creation of lasers to determine the period for each oscillation. Need an instrument that can hold the pendulum before and after the 10 complete oscillations so that every each of the oscillation within both period (time and time 2) will be measured accurately. In my honest opinion, the more accurate method to find the spring constant is to measure the spring’s displacement rather than using time as the unit to find k, spring constant, so we can now substitute the one we got previously to the formula Referencing Lists Bray, A. Barbato, G. Levi, R. (1990). Theory and Practise of Force Measurement. San Diego: Academic Press Limited. 52-53. Hosch, W.L. (2006). Hooke’s law Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/271336/Hookes-law Iris. (2009). what is spring constant? Retrieved from http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090902015640AAmDuLn Keller, J.F. (1993). Physics Classical and Modern (2nd ed.). McGraw-hill Inc. 331-350.

Return to Normalcy Essay

â€Å"Return to Normalcy† – United States presidential candidate Warren G. Harding’s campaign promise in the election of 1920. Doc 7 – Muscle Shoals – famous for its contributions to American popular music in the 1920’s. Doc 24 – Election of 1924 – Republican Calvin Coolidge wins election by a landslide. Doc 11 – Federal Farm Board – created in 1929, before the stock market crash on Black Tuesday, 1929, but its powers were later enlarged to meet the economic crisis farmers faced during the Great Depression. It was established by the Agricultural Marketing Act to stabilize prices and to promote the sale of agricultural products. The board would help farmers stabilize prices by holding surplus grain and cotton in storage. Doc 7 – Theodore Dreiser – an American novelist and journalist of the naturalist school. His novels often featured main characters that succeeded at their objectives despite a lack of a firm moral code, and literary situations that more closely resemble studies of nature than tales of choice and agency. Dreiser’s best known novels include Sister Carrie (1900) and An American Tragedy (1925). Doc 3 – T. S. Eliot – a publisher, playwright, literary and social critic and â€Å"arguably the most important English-language poet of the 20th century. † Although he was born an American, he moved to the United Kingdom in 1914 (at age 25) and was naturalized as a British subject in 1927 at age 39. Doc 1 – Fundamentalists – The demand for a strict adherence to specific theological doctrines usually understood as a reaction against Modernist theology, combined with a vigorous attack on outside threats to their religious culture. The term â€Å"fundamentalism† was originally coined by its supporters to describe a specific package of theological beliefs that developed into a movement within the Protestant community of the United States in the early part of the 20th century, and that had its roots in the Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy of that time. Doc 20 – Billy Sunday – an American athlete who, after being a popular outfielder in baseball’s National League during the 1880s, became the most celebrated and influential American evangelistduring the first two decades of the 20th century. Henry Ford [Model T]- an automobile that was produced by Henry Ford’s Ford Motor Company from September 1908 to October 1927. It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, the car that opened travel to the common middle-class American; some of this was because of Ford’s innovations, including assembly line production instead of individual hand crafting. (23) flappers- a â€Å"new breed† of young Western women in the 1920s who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior. Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup, drinking, treating sex in a casual manner, smoking, driving automobiles and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms. (8,9,14,22) Harlem Renaissance- a cultural movement that spanned the 1920s and 1930s. At the time, it was known as the â€Å"New Negro Movement†, named after the 1925 anthology by Alain Locke. Though it was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City, many French-speaking black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced by the Harlem Renaissance. 3) Marcus Garvey- a Jamaican publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator who was a staunch proponent of the Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements, to which end he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL). He founded the Black Star Line, part of the Back-to-Africa movement, which promoted the return of the African Diaspora to their ancestral lands. (10) Charles Lindbergh- an American aviator, author, inventor, explorer, and social activist. As a 25-year-old U. S.  Air Mail pilot Lindbergh emerged suddenly from virtual obscurity to instantaneous world fame as the result of his Orteig Prize-winning solo non-stop flight on May 20–21, 1927, made from Roosevelt Field[N 1] located in Garden City on New York’s Long Island to Le Bourget Field in Paris, France. (5,21) Twenty-One Demands- a set of demands made by the Empire of Japan under Prime Minister Okuma Shigenobu sent to the nominal government of the Republic of China on January 18, 1915, resulting in two treaties with Japan on May 25, 1915. 5:5:3:1. 75:1. 5 naval ratio- after World War I, many nations became concerned about the threat of another war and the possibility of an arms race. To address these issues in the naval arena, in 1922, Great Britain, the United States, Japan, France, and Italy signed the Five Powers Treaty at the Washington Conference. In the treaty, the powers agreed to a 5:5:3:1. 75:1. 75 ratio of naval tonnage and restrictions with regard to new building of both ships and bases. Young Plan- a program for settlement of German reparations debts after World War I written in 1929 and formally adopted in 1930. It was presented by the committee headed (1929–30) by American Owen D. Young. The reparations, set in January 1921 by an Inter-Allied Reparations Commission at 269 billion gold marks (the equivalent of around 100,000 tonnes of pure gold) were deliberately crushing. Teapot Dome Scandal- a bribery incident that took place in the United States in 1922–1923, during the administration of President Warren G. Harding. Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome and two other locations to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding. doc 24 Secy. of the Treasury Mellon (tax cuts)- Mellon came into office with a goal of reducing the huge federal debt from World War I. To do this, he needed to increase the federal revenue and cut spending. He believed that if the tax rates were too high, then the people would try to avoid paying them. He observed that as tax rates had increased during the first part of the 20th century, investors moved to avoid the highest rates by choosing tax-free municipal bonds, for instance. (doc 15 Progressive Party- was an American political party. It was formed by former President Theodore Roosevelt, after a split in the Republican Party between himself and President William Howard Taft. â€Å"The Lost Generation†- is a term used to refer to the generation, actually a cohort, that came of age during World War I. The term was popularized by Ernest Hemingway who used it as one of two contrasting epigraphs for his novel, The Sun Also Rises. (doc 9, Doc 13 Ernest Hemingway [A Farewell to Arms]- a semi-autobiographical novel written by Ernest Hemingway concerning events during the Italian campaigns during the First World War. The book, which was first published in 1929, is a first-person account of American Frederic Henry, serving as a Lieutenant (â€Å"Tenente†) in the ambulance corps of the Italian Army. The title is taken from a poem by 16th-century English dramatist George Peele. (doc 13 prohibition [Volstead Act]- prohibited the production, sale, and transport of â€Å"intoxicating liquors†, it did not define â€Å"intoxicating liquors† or provide penalties. It granted both the federal government and the states the power to enforce the ban by â€Å"appropriate legislation. † A bill to do so was introduced in Congress in 1919. (Doc 2 Immigration Acts (1921, 1924)- was a United States federal law that limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890, down from the 3% cap set by the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921, according to the Census of 1890. doc 11, doc 17 Scopes Trial- was a landmark American legal case in 1925 in which high school science teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee’s Butler Act which made it unlawful to teach evolution in any state-funded school. (Doc 1 The Jazz Singer (Doc 7)- is a 1927 American musical film. The first feature-length motion picture with synchronized dialogue sequences, its release heralded the commercial ascendance of the â€Å"talkiesâ⠂¬  and the decline of the silent film era. Produced by Warner Bros. with its Vitaphone sound-on-disc system, the movie stars Al Jolson, who performs six songs. The â€Å"New Woman† (Doc 22)- was a feminist ideal that emerged in the late 19th century. The New Woman pushed the limits set by male-dominated society, especially as modeled in the plays of Norwegian Henrik Ibsen (1828–1906). â€Å"The New Woman sprang fully armed from Ibsen’s brain,† according to a joke by Max Beerbohm (1872–1956). Langston Hughes (Doc. 3)- was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist. He was one of the earliest innovators of the then-new literary art form jazz poetry. Hughes is best known for his work during the Harlem Renaissance. Pan-African Movement (Document 10)- is a movement that seeks to unify African people or people living in Africa, into a â€Å"one African community† Differing types of Pan-Africanism seek different levels of economic, racial, social, or political unity. Spirit of St. Louis (Doc 21)- is the custom-built, single engine, single-seat monoplane that was flown solo by Charles Lindbergh on May 20–21, 1927, on the first non-stop flight from New York to Paris for which Lindbergh won the $25,000 Orteig Prize. Washington Naval Conference(NA)- also called the Washington Arms Conference, was a military conference called by President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922. Conducted outside the auspices of the League of Nations, it was attended by nine nations. Dawes Plan(NA)- was an attempt in 1924 to solve the reparations problem, which had bedeviled international politics, in the wake of the Ruhr occupation and the hyperinflation crisis. It provided for the Allies to collect war reparations debt from Germany. Intended as an interim measure, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it. Kellogg-Briand Treaty(NA)- agreement, signed Aug. 27, 1928, condemning â€Å"recourse to war for the solution of international controversies. † It is more properly known as the Pact of Paris. In June, 1927, Aristide Briand, foreign minister of France, proposed to the U. S. government a treaty outlawing war between the two countries.

Rules of evidence

Why are Americas rules of evidence more restrictive than those established by other countries? America's rules of evidence are more restrictive because unlike some countries we have Constitutional protections that safeguard Individual rights. An example of this would be the Supreme courts determination that a state rule requiring that a defendant wanting to testify In a criminal case must do so before the admission of any other defense testimony Is a violation of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment due process clause.The due process clause protects citizens of the united States from unfair and disorderly legal proceedings, coupled with the right to be informed of the nature and charges in accusation against them among other privileges. With this in mind it can be easily concluded as to the necessity of the restrictive nature of the rules of evidence. Although America adopted the English system of evidentially rules, many changes have been made since that time.Although the adoption of the Federal Rules of Evidence and the uniform Rules of Evidence has not embraced the simplicity that the drafters of the constitution may eave envisioned, they do bring about more uniformity and consistency to the legal system. The Federal Rules of evidence regulate evidentially matters in all proceedings In the federal courts and they bring about a significant measure of uniformity In the federal system. Unfortunately there Is far less uniformity among the states. Only thirty-six jurisdictions have adopted evidence codes that model the Federal Rules of Evidence. Out of the fifty states only forty-two have adopted these rules completely or in part. Of the remaining eight states, my home state of Georgia is in this line up. About a week ago I had the opportunity to learn of this first hand.My attorney and I were preparing a witness list to give to the District Attorney in a criminal case we have. He asked me to research the statute cited on the States witness list and tell him what i t says about using a defendant as a witness. To my surprise this is what I learned. Pursuant to O. C. G. A. 17-16-1 (2010) the deflation of a â€Å"witness statement† In a criminal proceeding Is as follows: (2) â€Å"Statement of a witness† means:A) A written or recorded statement, or copies thereof, made by the witness that is signed or otherwise adopted or approved by the witness; (B) A substantially verbatim recital of an oral statement made by the witness that is recorded contemporaneously with the making of the oral statement and is contained in a stenographic, mechanical, electrical, or other recording or a transcription thereof; or (C) A summary of the substance of a statement made by a witness contained In a memorandum, report, or other type of written document but does not Include notes r summaries made by counsel.Paragraph three of this statute is the statement that demonstrates Georgia is not homogeneous with the Federal Rules of Evidence; and it also exclud ed our defendant as a witness in her own defense. I find to be ironic that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land yet individual states are allowed to have laws that are contrary. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the Judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. With the understanding that states can nullify federal laws that they determine to be â€Å"unconstitutional†, as was the case in Oklahoma regarding the Affordable Care Act; it is quite perplexing that Georgia along with seven other states find it unconstitutional to deny a defendant the right to testify in their own defense.

The Lovers by Marguerite Duras

The Lovers by Marguerite Duras In this paper we are going to analyze, to try to look deeper or even may be to feel the main ideas, concerns, themes of the famous novel of Marguerite Duras The Love. In order to do this, we have to stop a little on the personality of the author, this is really important for understanding the style and main ideas of the novel. She was born in Saigon French Indochina. Later on she decided to take up law in the native county of her parents – France, but instead developed her talent as a writer. She wrote a number of novels, plays, short stories, was the director of several films, but her best selling book was The Lover ( L’Armant in French). This novel was translated into 43 languages and in the year 1984 it received the Prix Goncourt reward. There was also a movie shot after this novel, the director of which was Jean-Jasques Annaud. Some time later, Duras also published another book, which was a little bit different from the first one under the name – LArmant de l a Chine du Nord. Mostly her works were of an unusual style and full of romanticism. She was considered to belong also to Nouveau roman literally movement in France. The Lover is without double an autobiographical novel and there are some facts confirming this. For example the real lover of the author was also Chinese and his name was Lee. The last information that she received about him was that he became born Christian and that he really loved his family. He died at the same city where they met for the first time. The main heroine of the novel is 15, the same was the age of Duras when she had this love affair. The book is written in an unusual manner, not presenting the chronological sequences of the events and thoughts, this is more a collection of memories, feelings and dreams. The novel mixes up the present events with the past events. The short book of around 100 pages looks like an experiment, due to its style of recollecting ideas and images. At the very beginning the reader is not able to catch the thread of narration, however, really quickly he is amazed by novel. The author perfectly shows how human mind can rapidly recollect the events of the past and mix them with the present surrounding world. The memories seem to be so deep and so emotional that a person would never be able either to forget them or to get rid of them. The novel is absolutely far from simple romantic stories with happy ends, somehow it seems even to break the limits of the permitted relations for such a young girl, but this never makes it perfunctory or obscene. The story is told from the third person and then suddenly from the main heroin herself. This also contributes probably to the feeling that there are two worlds: the usual one, most people used to believe in living in and the other subtle and hidden world of persons desires and feelings. Happiness is hardly separated from violence, love and hated are mixed up, thus neither the themes nor the message of the novel are simple and transparent. The story is told in the way that sometimes there is a feeling that you are listening to a person who is talking in the state of hypnosis. Certainly the main portion of attention is drawn from the very beginning till the end of the story to the young girl, who is always sad, sad because of the situation in her family, because of lack of tender and real love from her mothers side, because of her responsibility for the youngest brother, later because of her involvement into the life of a grown up woman. She belongs to a French family, but living in Indochina, the status of the family is rather poor and low due to the death of the father. From one side this is still a very young a little naive girl, she is not able to have an affair based on pure sexual relations without falling in love. On the other hand, in many senses, this is a mature personality, psychologically older than her physical age. But it is not possible to state whether she is so wise or just gets into such situation only due to her curiosity. At the school, which she attends, other girls and she herself are not much interested in taking care of lepers, the cholera stricken. From the very beginning we have to pay attention to the appearance of the girl, because it is the same dual as her inner world: she has plaits and funny man’s hat, but on the other hand, her transparent dress and shoes make her look like a young prostitute. Thus there is also a contrast, because she is not stunningly beautiful and at the same time, when somebody looks at her he can not just pass by without noticing her ugly beauty. And exactly dressed like this she is noticed by a wealthy Chinese guy, who in a way is a contrast to her, to her clothes, appearance, manners, status. Actually, he could probably find another girl or woman who would be right for him, but he could not stand the temptation to have this one. And he starts conversation with her, though in reality the conversation seems not appropriate, she is far from his business and his compliments she accepts with childish easiness. When the girl agrees to be taken to Saigon by him, it is again not quite clear, weather she just wants to check her charms and ability to attract mens attention, or she is in really interested in this man. Maybe she is just sick and tired of her family situation, of lack of interest and care towards her and is looking to get it from a stranger. Concerning the young man and his motives for the relations with a girl, it is also hard to judge only from one side, he was probably fascinated by her image, by her youth, by her feelings, however there was no intention from his side to marry her, although he was desperately wishing to see her and to be with her. As their relations continue to develop, the girl falls in love, most likely she didn’t expect it and she didn’t want it, as she wanted first of all to be loved, but in reality she gives her body and a part of her soul to a man, who became her lover. In the event that happened after the restaurant, we again come across the duality common for the novel. On the one hand the lover hits and rapes the girl, she feels pain, humiliation, but on the other hand there is some kind of cathartic pleasure for her. Before the situation seemed to be under her control, now the man got what he wanted without her permission. But when she makes him pay the same sum of money that he would have to pay to the prostitute if he had sex with her, and he paid, in a way she manages to take her power back. The man is obsessed by the girl, not however wanting to marry her. Once the girl says that the real reason for her to be with him was money, the reader feels that it is not in this way, she probably doesnt love him deeply, but she is without doubt also attracted to him and nothing is so simple as just money. She maybe chose him for more important mission than being her man or her husband, she chose him as a person who would help her and push her to be reb orn from her old life into new one. At the end of the story it is absolutely clear that there will be no usual happy end, and that they won’t be together and would have to part sooner or later, but they still have love for each other, which is probably far from that classical feeling described by poets and shown in melodramas, but if they are strong enough to part, that doesnt mean that their love was not deep enough and that many year later the lover will not appear in the life of a writer, saying that he still loves her. At least Duras wrote the book later, when she was a quite famous writer. Overall, The Lovers is a deeply emotional, sensitive and subtle story about a man and a girl, about their love and the power of this love, about the psychological fight and about erotic desires. In a way it can be also called a feminist novel, because it mainly underlines the strength of a very young girl, woman, who has little or even no idea about relations between men and women and still she is able to attract and somehow even to control a man who is much older than she.

College Move-In Day - Long Distance Dorm Move-In Tips

College Move-In Day - Long Distance Dorm Move-In Tips Moving your child into her new home  is tough enough when youre schlepping all of her worldly possessions in the family car. Add air travel or a cross-country road trip to the mix and it becomes even more challenging. Thankfully colleges and retailers get it: Nowadays its becoming increasingly more common for kids to attend schools that are hundreds of miles from home, so you can ship belongings directly to campus, order supplies online for local pickup, or just wait until you get there to shop. Follow these tips to avoid a few key mistakes. Rent a Car An hours-long drive across several states may be  daunting, but if a one-way road trip is not too ghastly a concept, consider renting a car. Drive to the college with all the gear, move in, drop off the car at the airport, and fly back. Youll pay a premium for a one-way rental, but it may be worth it to avoid the hassle and expense of shipping large items. And save money by following these tips from U.S. News World Report: Dont buy insurance. Your insurance company may cover rental cars, so check before you travel. If not, many credit cards offer insurance for free if you use their card to pay for the car. Dont rent at the airport. Yes, youll drop off the car at the airport, but that doesnt mean you need to rent at the airport. Youll be paying a drop-off fee anyway, so skip the high price of airport rentals.Shop around. Spending just a few minutes on the internet, you can book your car online- often at a discount.Dont pay extra for GPS. Use your smartphone for navigation.Take your time when inspecting the car. Any dings or dents you miss may be billed to you upon returning the car.Return the car on time. Many rental companies determine drop-off times according to the time of day you rented the car. So, check with the company before renting. Use Storage Bins If you are driving, its much easier to pack a car (even a rental) with regularly shaped objects- boxes or large plastic bins- as opposed to plastic trash bags or grocery sacks. Plus boxes are much easier to lug up multiple flights of crowded dorm stairs once you get to the school, especially if the bins have handholds. Many dorms  dont have elevators, and those that do will be crammed. Once hes moved in, your child can use the bins for extra storage or to transport laundry to the laundry room, which is likely to be some distance away from his room. Ship Items Ahead of Time   Double check the college mailroom schedule. Some schools accept packages over the summer, and a few even deliver to the dorms. Other mailrooms, like the one at UC San Diego, dont open until several days after move-in day, a situation that may leave your child sleeping on borrowed towels until he can retrieve his bedding from the mailroom. If you run into mailroom issues, make sure your childs luggage includes the absolute essentials shell need during the first few days, including sheets, towels, toiletries, a light jacket, two pairs of shoes, and a couple of sets of clothes. Your child can create decorations, such as picture mobiles, as well as a laundry basket and even a nightstand, with easily obtainable (and inexpensive) materials. Theres no need to buy and ship such items ahead of time. If you have a friend, colleague, or relative who lives in the same area where your child will be attending school, have his belongings shipped there. And while youre packing, remember that your child won’t need his heavy woolens in August, so ship winter items later, or have him pick them up at Thanksgiving if he is planning to fly home for the holiday, as many students do. Order Online Some retailers allow you to order gear online and pick it up in stores in another state. Just verify the location, print out a copy of your order paperwork, and allow extra time for pickup. Big box stores near college campuses are always clogged during move-in day, but since youve picked everything out ahead of time youll be able to get in and out without a hitch. Shop Once You Arrive Depending on how your childs move-in and orientation schedules are structured, you might be there for one day or a weekend.  If you have an extra day for dorm room shopping, take advantage of it. It takes an incredible amount of time, but trying to find the right stores and the right stuff in a college town on move-in day can be quite an arduous task. If move-in day is just that- a day- dont panic when you realize youve forgotten something because you  will  forget something.  Locate the nearest big box stores before move-in day to save yourself some stress. If youve rented a vehicle, consider keeping it for one extra day so you can drive your child to pick up those last-minute supplies. Many stores allow you to order online and then pick up items the same day. Youll only need a laptop, tablet computer, or smartphone to order, so consider packing one of those three electronic devices, regardless of what method you use to deliver the goods- and your child- as she begins her long-distance college career.

Foreign Currency Exposures of Medco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Foreign Currency Exposures of Medco - Essay Example This paper illustrates that money market hedging strategy is mainly based upon channelizing the interest rate exposures of the currencies involved i.e. the home currency and the foreign currency. Under the existing scenario, home currency is Pounds whereas the foreign currency is Euros. This strategy has the reciprocal way of dealing with the foreign currency risk in receipt and payment case. As the existing case is the receipt case, therefore, Borrow-then-invest strategy is followed. From the below-mentioned table, it can be viewed that at the first step an amount equivalent to the amount receivable in 6 months i.e. â‚ ¬500,000 are borrowed at an interest rate of 2% per annum equivalent to 1% semi-annually. The amount received from a bank is immediately converted into the amount in pounds at the spot rate of 1.2834 producing a sum of  £385,733. This amount is then invested at a rate of 4% per annum equivalent to 2% semi-annually thus producing a sum  £393,477. Forward exchang e rate hedging is mainly based upon the mechanism of locking in a pre-determined future rate at today’s rate. In another rate, when the invoice amount will be remitted, the exchange rate will not be the spot rate after 6 months rather the exchange rate will be the rate determined today i.e. forward rate. In the existing scenario, the fixed forward for 6 months is 1.2755. After 6 months, when the amount is remitted, â‚ ¬500,000 will be converted at 1.2755 which is the forward rate determined 6 months earlier and will generate a sum of  £392,003. In this way, whether the home currency is appreciated or depreciated against the foreign currency, Medco will take the forward rate as the fixed rate and either the loss or the gain will be the sole liability of the forward rate dealer. From the above two techniques, it is quite evident that the money market hedging strategy is going to yield in a higher amount i.e.  £393,447 as compared to the forward rate based hedging strateg y which will yield in  £392,003. In this way, it can be noted that money market hedging based seems more effective given the interest rates and other factors remains constant. The Board of Directors of Medco is advised to follow money market-based hedging strategy, as the same will earn a marginal benefit of  £1,444 to the company. However, the arrangement of money market hedging will require substantial efforts of management in fulfilling the requirements of the bank providing this money market hedging facility to Medco.

Living on Borrowed Money Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Living on Borrowed Money - Essay Example These people all amassed credit card debt while in college and are now living with the consequences. Student credit card use can cause academic failure, career damage, and a lifetime of physical ailments. Students that are forced to sacrifice their study time for employment are going down the dead end road to disaster. As a student, I can confirm that college is a full time endeavor. Working beyond that, though sometimes necessary, can only detract from your study time and result in a lowered GPA. Making extraordinary efforts to pay a mounting credit card bill will come at the expense of your academic standing. The result will be dropped classes and the potential of academic probation that threatens your ability to get financial aid. These distractions will be the recipe for a failed college experience. For those students who are lucky enough to escape college with a degree, credit card debt and missed payments can continue to haunt them. It is routine for employers to do background checks on applicants that include a credit report. Recent graduates may have a history marred by missed payments and overdue bills. Lynn Nemser, president of a leading management consulting company, says that it is assumed that people with a poor credit rating are less honest and more likely to steal ("Guess Who's Looking").

Gay marriages in colorado Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gay marriages in colorado - Research Paper Example How many people would it effect? Why or why should it not be legalized? Evaluate equality standards and the right to marry for everyone. Consider other states that have legalized gay marriage and the effects it has had on their state. Discuss the Minnesota Supreme Courts decision in 1970 about a same sex couple wishing to marry: Jack Baker and Michael McConnell. This was the very first time that government had to ever deal with same sex marriage as an issue. What were the results? How did this start to shape how people think about marriage? Discuss â€Å"All Men are Created Equal,† motto that has been adopted by the United States and how that motto plays a role in gay marriage possibilities not only in Colorado, but throughout the entire country. Discuss how different religions define marriage. As much of the United States history was based on Christianity, discuss how Christians view gay marriage. Discuss any Christian organizations in Colorado that might otherwise recognize gay marriage. Discuss other stigmas of marriage; describe the â€Å"whimsical fairytale† of a husband and wife, two kids and a dog and how that has changed since then. There are other formats that determine what a family is. Traditional roles of a marriage and a family have changed. Discuss why gay marriage is not widely accepted as something that is okay to do in the United States. Look at it from the other direction and discuss why it should be okay. Why are people so opposed to something that does not necessarily affect

Prison makes bad people worse Essay Example for Free

Prison makes bad people worse Essay In the year 2002, there were just over 68,000 persons in prison in England and Wales, 6,000 in Scotland and 1,200 in Northern Ireland. In the case of England and Wales, this is a few thousand more than in 1999, but at this time the plateau stood in marked comparison to the trend up to 1997-8 and it was by no means certain that this could be maintained, (Morgan, 2002). These findings serve to highlight the progressive increase in rising prison numbers in the UK the causes of which are continually in debate and beg the question; what happens when there is no more room left in our prisons? For the purpose of this essay, this author assumes that the statement â€Å"prison makes bad people worse† infers that an offender, who serves a custodial sentence, is more likely to re-offend upon release. Before evaluating this statement and reaching a conclusion, this author will introduce a brief history of the prison system in an attempt to offer an understanding of how imprisonment has become the most severe penalty imposed on offenders in the UK today. Prisons all over the world have existed for many years for the purpose of confining those in society who have committed a crime serious enough to warrant such a sentence. The purpose of prison is now not only to inflict a punishment but also to attempt to rehabilitate offenders contrasting with the early days of imprisonment where little rehabilitative work was done. A custodial sentence is now the most severe penalty that an offender can be sentenced to in the UK following the abolition of the death penalty in 1965. Imprisonment is intended to punish offenders through restricting freedom and liberty as well as unfavourable living conditions in the name of ‘less eligibility’, (Morgan, 2002). This in no way is intended to suggest that conditions in prisons are inhumane although reports exist from previous investigations that would suggest otherwise. Punishment for offenders was served in a very different manner prior to the nineteenth century. Punishments at this time in the main consisted of physical punishment which would often involve torture, public humiliation and even execution. After decades of this type of punishment being administered, the torture and public humiliation elements ceased. The infliction of physical pain was replaced by the principle that the loss of rights and wealth would serve as an adequate deterrent for further offending. Although this altered form of punishment apparently focused on the mind of the individual, it could still be argued that custodial sentences still impose an element of physical torture indirectly by food rationing, sexual deprivation and solitary confinement. These aspects of punishments are still relevant within the penal system today, (Flynn, 1998). Many different explanations exist for why this change from physical punishment to imprisonment came about, one of which argues that the reason for the shift was due to humanitarianism and reform which would offer a more humane and civilised alternative to the methods of previous years, (Wilson, Ellis, Mikulski, Nash, 2003). An opposing argument suggested that this was not the case and that the defining of a new age and more effective punishment by focusing on the reform of offenders into the ‘disciplined subject’ were the main reasons for this shift in operation, (Foucault, 1977). Despite this argument, one of the most influential factors associated with how prisons operate in the UK today is the concept of human rights. The 1998 Human Rights Act governs these rights. Along with this, the Prisons Inspectorate introduced guidelines on what factors should constitute a healthy custodial environment based on international human rights principles. Arising from the World Health Organisation’s influence, four tests are used to identify whether a healthy custodial environment is present. Firstly, prisoners must be held in safety. Secondly, they must be treated with respect and dignity as human beings. Thirdly, they must be able to engage in purposeful activity, and lastly, prisoners must be prepared for resettlement into the community prior to release, (Owers, 2003). Because of the unpleasantness of imprisonment it is necessary for this type of punishment to be justified. Prison can be very unpleasant for many offenders as their liberty is severely reduced, their contact with family and friends is minimised, and it can infer many social disadvantages that may lead to offenders becoming socially excluded upon their release from custody. In order to justify imprisonment as a viable punishment, numerous theories or arguments have been introduced in an attempt to support this sentencing option. One argument that attempts to justify imprisonment is the concept of Reductionism. This argument suggests that custodial sentences reduce the number of crimes committed. Those in agreement with this theory also argue that the number of crimes committed will be less if someone is punished in this manner, than there would be if no punishment were imposed at all, (Cavadino Dignan, 1997). This theory also suggests that society as a whole, has a greater influence than the individual and therefore an offender would be powerless to justify not going to prison if he/she had committed a crime that endangered public safety, (Abercrombie, Hill, Turner, 1988). However, it could be argued that this theory suggests that crimes are only committed by those who are in prison ignoring the concept that there are many in society committing crimes that have never been caught. Deterrence is another theory used to justify imprisonment as an appropriate punishment by arguing that people will not offend because they are too fearful of the consequences should they be caught as the punishment is seen as too severe. There are two elements to this theory, firstly there is individual deterrence which suggests that an offender will not re-offend because the punishment they received last time was so severe that it has deterred them from doing it again. Secondly, there is general deterrence which argues that a punishment imposed on one offender for a crime will deter others from offending, as they know exactly what the consequences are. At first glance, deterrence theory appears to hold validity, but in reality research findings have indicated that sentencing offenders to custodial sentences has a more influential effect. Once an offender has been in prison they may find themselves labelled by the rest of society and categorised into a stereotype with unfavourable connotations. This may hinder their attempts to live lawful lives for example; problems getting a job and even psychological effects, which may become apparent in their behaviour, (Cavadino Dignan, 1997). This evidence could be used to support the argument that prison does make people worse. Rehabilitation theory suggests that some forms of punishment can actually reduce the likelihood of re-offending and alter an offender’s behaviour and attitude. Together the prison service and the probation service are heavily involved with rehabilitation as well as the treatment and training of offenders, (Wilson et al, 2003). As a main aim of the prison service to assist in the rehabilitation of offenders, the provision of accredited programmes such as PASRO (Prisons Addressing Substance Related Offending) and ETS (Enhanced Thinking Skills) attempt to address prisoners’ offending behaviour whilst in prison. However, a report by the Social Exclusion Unit found that the prison experience causes such damage to an offenders’ rehabilitation that it outweighs the effectiveness of the programmes, (Solomon, 2003). Another criticism of the penal system is that many offenders are sentenced to such short periods of custody that they are unable to gain access to any rehabilitative interventions. This evidence could also suggest that prison can make bad people worse. The theory of incapacitation implies more emphasis on public protection rather than the behaviour of offenders which coincidently is another main remit of the probation service. Quite simply, this theory argues that if an offender is in custody they are unable to commit crime and therefore ensuring public safety for the duration of the sentence giving piece of mind to members of society, (Ainsworth, 2000). It could be argued that this theory fails to recognise that crime often occurs within prisons including violence, bullying and drug offences. Another criticism of this theory is that as mentioned earlier, the public will only be protected in this manner for the duration of a sentence. Lastly, retribution theory holds that punishment is imposed on an offender to redress the balance between offenders and their victims in making sure that the offender suffers for their crime. Ainsworth (2000), recognises that seeing an offender incarcerated may make the victims feel that justice has been done. However, this is often not the case as many offenders receive sentences that the victim may feel does not reflect the harm that has been caused to them as a result of the offence. Now that some of the justifications for imprisonment have been discussed, it is now possible to explore conformity within prisons which may assist in reaching a conclusion on whether the statement â€Å"prison makes bad people worse† can be justified. Conformity, a theory closely linked with labelling theory, suggests that an individual may conform to social rules or may even assume a social role because it is recognised as the norm in their environment. Heavily influenced by the levels of power, social roles exist predominantly in the prison environment especially between prison officers and offenders. One study that attempted to explore power dynamics and how easy it is to assume a role was conducted in August 1971 by psychologist Philip Zimbardo and was named the Stanford Prison Experiment. Twenty-five male volunteers took part in the experiment and were taken to a mock prison where each person was assigned a role of either prisoner or guard. The guards had the authority to dictate 24 hour a day rules to the prisoners the results of which were shocking and are still referred to today. A number of prisoners had to be released due to mental health illnesses arising from the trauma of the situation. The experiment, which was intended to last for two weeks, was terminated after six days due to the pathological reactions of the prisoners who ironically had been selected for their normality. The findings were that the environment transformed the participants and after a few days, the role dominated the person, (Alexander, 2001). This experiment highlighted social power as the being the major factor in the participant’s behaviour as all the guards at some point displayed abuse, authoritarian attitudes, and appeared to enjoy being in control. Zimbardo argued that this abnormal behaviour is a product of transactions within an environment that supports this behaviour. The labels placed upon the participants became valid in this environment and pathological behaviour was the outcome, (Wilson et al, 2003). This experiment still has implications for the prison system today in that Zimbardo argued that the current prison system is guaranteed to cause severe pathological reactions within prisoners causing a debasement of their humanity, low self esteem and making it difficult to integrate into society outside of prison, (Wilson et al, 2003). This would suggest that labelling and conformity theories are a case for prison making bad people worse. Whilst in prison an offender may assume a role that could be continued upon their release. Zimbardos’ experiment provides an adequate basis for discussing the sociological theory of a prison subculture sometimes referred to as the inmate code. The prison society exists apart from the rest of society and therefore it is understandable that norms and values are very different between the two. Sykes (1958) found that the inmate code is something that may give a prisoner an identity and help them to cope with the effects of imprisonment. The code is thought to include certain rules such as not fraternising with staff, acquiring a position in the inmate ‘pecking order’, and giving the impression of toughness in emotion and physical appearance. Clemmer (1940) argued this to be part of the prisonisation process which arguably reinforces criminal behaviour as prisoners become used to opposing authority which is likely to continue in the outside world, (Cited in Morgan, 2002). Therefore, attempts at rehabilitation may be hindered by this and could be used to argue that prison makes bad people worse. So what statistical evidence is there to support the statement â€Å"prisons make bad people worse†? Reports into the subject have found that prisons have a poor record in reducing re-offending and that 59% of offenders are reconvicted within two years of release. For male youths under the age of twenty-one, the reconviction rate is 74% over the same period of time. Research findings from the Social Exclusion Unit have indicated that re-offending by ex-prisoners costs society approximately ? 11 billion each year and that they are responsible for one in five recorded crimes, (Solomon, 2003). This evidence would appear to suggest that people who have served custodial sentences have been made worse by the experience and that imprisonment is not an effective punishment. Contributing to this argument is the theory that these statistics are only obtained from recorded crime suggesting that the figures may in reality be significantly higher as many crimes are not recorded. In conclusion it would appear that there is much evidence to support the claim that prison makes bad people worse such as the statistical evidence revealing reconviction rates. On the other hand, there are also arguments for prison as an effective punishment such as the justifications for imprisonment including rehabilitation and deterrence theories. It would appear that prison does indeed have an influence on some prisoners re-offending but it would be difficult to assume that this is the case for all offenders who have served a custodial sentence. This would suggest that for some offenders prison is effective and for others it is not. Having said this, it is important to recognise that prison does ensure public safety from offenders who pose danger to society, but only for the period they are in custody unless they emerge from prison rehabilitated. For those offenders who could be dealt with in another manner, community penalties offer the versatility in sentencing options necessary to provide effective punishment without contributing to the growing problem of increasing prison numbers. It is therefore vital that the most appropriate punishment is imposed individually taking the crime and the offenders’ circumstances into account when sentencing.