Governments In Star Wars V.s. Governments In The Home :: essays research papers

Governments In pencil lead Wars V.S. Governments in the HomeIn the movie "Star Wars" their exist many different forms of government.In this essay I impart be comparing those forms in the movie to the ones found inthe al-Qaida. I will be starting with the most basic form of government and workingup to the most complex.     The most basic form of government is anarchy, The total absence ofgovernment. In the movie the best example of anarchy is Yoda, living by himselfon Dagohba without the interference of any one apart from self. An example ofthis at home would be when children are left at home while their parents areaway for any extended period of time. Unlike Yoda though, the children do not pull with in a total anarchist state for they will eventual have to answer to theirparents when they return.     The next most primitive form of government is a direct democracy asshown by the Ewoks. The Ewoks probably started out as many small groups thatlived separate from one another and grew into what they are now through theevolution theory where, over time banned together in order to provide an easiermeans to access the necessities of life for the groups. At the time you take heedthem in the movie they seem to be using a tribal form of government where theelders make up the governing body, but let all one else take part in thepolicy making process. Besides using a tribal form of government they alsobelieve in divine right, or a god reachn someone the right to rule them asdemonstrated by the Ewoks immediate wor send of C3-P0 upon sight. This can becompared to any modern family a moving into an apartment along with many otherfamilies where there is a manager, but the every one living in the building canhave a say of what goes on with the policy for the building.     Another basic type of government is a dictatorship where only a smallgroup or one person have control of a group of people. There i s two differentexamples of a dictator ship in Star Wars, one is the Emperors, which will bediscussed later, and that of Jabbas. Jabba is a gangster on Lukes homeplanet which is controlled by the empire. Jabba has a dictatorship over a smallgroup of people and has a territory in which he has sovereignty, and thereforehas all the qualities of a state. He has total control of his area includingwithout having to give to the will of the people he governs.

Stress Essay -- essays research papers

How to Deal With StressMany assimilators go to shoal full time, and hold a part time personal line of credit to earn money for school. Most students have ab protrude four classes, and each of the teachers of these classes gives an average of about an hour of home endure each night that averages out to four hours per night of homework, plus a part time job. School causes a muckle of students pains because there are so umpteen things to do, and so little time to do it. Stress is a normal part of everyones life and is not a disease. It is not necessarily technical or bad however, reactions to stress prat be harmful. Lack of time puts the stress on many students, and causes students to often procrastinate because they are constantly attempt to meet deadlines and they dont have the time to work on their assignments. Many students feel their grades are important they need plenty of time to work on their work so they can do good. I can relate to them because if I study a low gra de I get disgusted because I put a lot of time and effort in doing that assignment. But I think that a lot of the stress from school is caused, not only by the teachers, but also from the students to do well. Students put too much stress on themselves. A student just has to ingest to manage their time well and just do as good as possible. Stress management involves the effort of that student to make emotional and personal changes. The degree of stress and the desire to make the changes will determine the level of change that will pick out place. If a student wants to change the amount of stress in their life, they have to be willing to work and manage their time properly, even if it means sacrificing hours from a job or a night out with friends to study for a test or write a paper. Many students feel an increase in stress and anxiety when writing a paper, encounter a deadline, or studying for an exam. This can cause twitching, trembling, muscle tension, headaches, sweating, irri tability, fatigue, and even dry mouth (Anxiety, Stress, and Tension). When talking about stress, there are many things that can influence a student. The five main topics that influence a students well being are attitude, physical well being, physical activity, prolong systems, and tease apartation (World Book on Health, 235). Attitude The attitude of a student can influence whether a situation or emotion is stressful or not. A student with a negative attitude will ... ...oolwork and go out with their friends. It is important that a student interacts with others because it boosts self-confidence and helps maintain social stability in their lives. Lastly, rule number five when dealing with stress is using relaxation techniques. There are many relaxation techniques such as sense of hearing to music, daydreaming, sleeping, writing poetry and many others. Also a student dealing with stress should take time out of their schedule for personal interests and hobbies. Students need to ta ke time from stressful situations and do what makes them happy and have fun. It is also good to take a mini vacation from time to time. This helps keep the stressful students mind off of things and allow them to retreat somewhere to think and relax. In conclusion, stress can be very harmful and have a lot of effects on a students body. Some stress is good, but a lot of it can be bad. The five slipway a student can prevent and deal with stress can be very useful. The student dealing with stress just needs to relax and deal with their problems with ease, instead of making things hard on themselves. Things will fall into place just have patients and life will be a lot less stressful.

Attitudes Towards Animals In N :: essays research papers fc

Attitudes Towards Animals in Neolithic and Assyrian TimesAnimals have been viewed differently by different cultures. This is unvarnished when comparing the wall painting of a cervid hunt from the Neolithic period (Gardner, 38) and the reliefs of Ashurbanipal hunting lions and the dying lions from the Assyrian dominated period of the ancient near atomic number 99 (Gardner, 56). The deer hunt scene, painted at Catal Huyuk c. 5750 BC, depicts several humans hunting 2 large deer and one small deer. The reliefs, sculpted at Nineveh c. 650 BC, comprise of King Ashurbanipal sitting in a chariot and shooting several lions with his bow and arrow, and a close-up view of a dying lioness that has been shot three times by arrows but is still trying to move. The deer hunt scene shows that prehistoric spate had more respect for animals than the Assyrian people did partly because the Neolithic people felt that magic was needed to help with their hunting. The two works also show that there was a large difference in the technology of these two cultures. In addition the Assyrians would sometimes hunt for sport, while the Neolithic people would hunt only out of necessity for food.The deer hunt scene shows the animals as being stronger than humans, while the lion hunt scene shows the animals as being weak as compared to King Ashurbanipal. The two adult deer are lots larger than any of the humans in the first scene. Humans are usually slightly taller than most deer, but here the deer are raddled about twice as tall as the humans. It also takes several humans with weapons to hunt the deer. In the lion scene, all of the lions have been killed or hurt by arrows. The only person in the scene with a bow and arrows is King Ashurbanipal. It is apparent that he has shot all of the lions himself, showing his superior ability over the lions. In prehistoric times, cave paintings of hunting scenes served magical purposes By confining them (animals) to the surface of their cave walls, the prehistoric hunters may have believed that they were bringing the animals under(a) their control (Gardner, 28). Also, the humans on the left of the wall painting dont seem to be directly involved in the hunt, as the deer are on the right side. It appears that they are doing some sort of dance, possibly a magical dance to help the hunters.

The Golden House of Nero :: essays papers

The florid House of NeroAfter years of fighting and civil wars, order was finally established throughout the roman print empire during the branch century AD with the rule of Augustus. Peace and prosperity followed with the reign of Augustus and with the emperors that came into control after him, and it was during this time that Roman architecture began to move away from the traditional classical and Greek influences and generate its own style. It was also during this time that Rome was subjected to numerous horrendous fires that destroyed much of the city when it was under the control of the emperor Nero. Considered a tyrant and self-centered even for an aristocrat at the time, Nero became very unpopular towards the end of his reign, but not before he was able to commission the turn of a marvelous villa for himself stretching over two hundred acres in the center of Rome where the fires had destroyed most of the original buildings. Commonly called The Golden House of Nero, it was originally given the more formal name of Domus Aurea, and was and still is considered one of the most extravagant projects ever ordered by a Roman emperor to be created. The most significant and majestic feature of the Domus Aurea is the Esquiline wing, or the main palace, located about two hundred meters northeast of the Coliseum, formally know as the Flavian Amphitheater. After the fires of 104 AD, Trajan had his engineers fill in the Esquiline wing of the Domus Aurea so as to secure the elevated terrace for his Baths. By covering the Esquiline wing with earth, it was free from pillaging, fires, immense wearing from weather, and other harmful effects over the years. Unfortunately, only a sizable fragment remains of the palace, and the original extent of the scores of rooms that lead been recovered is unknown. Much can be extrapolated from these remaining bits of the structure, though, and like a puzzle, archeologist and architects have been able to piece together the s craps and come to middling detailed conclusions. One major point that has been looked at closely but has not been completely decided upon is the original number of stories the palace contained. There ar no indications of a second story beyond the two narrow staircases back in the upper north service area of the wing.

Comparing The Cask of Amontillado and The Interlopers Essay -- compari

Comparing The Cask of Amontillado and The Interlopers Literary devices are tools used by the precedent to help the reader understand a wedded literary work. Writers use different literary devices depending on their style and what they wish their reader to get out of their work. One important literary device that is substantive for a successful literary work is theme. Theme is the general insight into life that the author shares with the reader. There are a number of different methods from which an author can choose to present his/her theme. One common strategy is to communicate the theme through the use of climate the overall feeling or feeling conjured within the reader. In Edgar Allan Poes short story, The Cask of Amontillado, and in Sakis short story, The Interlopers, the mood evoked within the reader is used to communicate the short storys overall theme. The mood established by Edgar Allan Poe in his short story, The Cask of Amontillado, plays a crucial role in conveying to the reader his underlying theme. For example, when Montresor, the narrator, st...

Comparing The Cask of Amontillado and The Interlopers Essay -- compari

Comparing The Cask of Amontillado and The Interlopers Literary devices are tools used by the power to help the reader understand a apt(p) literary work. Writers use different literary devices depending on their style and what they wish their reader to get out of their work. One important literary device that is congenital for a successful literary work is theme. Theme is the general insight into life that the author shares with the reader. There are a number of different methods from which an author can choose to present his/her theme. One common strategy is to communicate the theme through the use of inclination the overall feeling or feeling conjured within the reader. In Edgar Allan Poes short story, The Cask of Amontillado, and in Sakis short story, The Interlopers, the mood evoked within the reader is used to communicate the short storys overall theme. The mood established by Edgar Allan Poe in his short story, The Cask of Amontillado, plays a crucial role in conveying to the reader his underlying theme. For example, when Montresor, the narrator, st...

Technology and Modern World

Technology is currently taking over our modern public. simply a few years ago flying cars was something we b bely saw in a futuristic universe on a movie screen, exclusively now, technology like this seems to be right around the corner for society. We atomic number 18 constantly advancing our technology to cater to our wants and needs. We are gaining more and more association as we advance and move forward with technology. take down children are becoming smarter from this technology, but would any one(a) ever guess this could be because of video games? Studies envision that video games could purify a persons intelligence and possibly lead to the solving of some of the worlds problems. Of course, the worlds problems today are extremely drastic and complex in todays society, but what if gaming could metamorphose all that?According to Jane McGonigal, a game developer, it is far less improbable than it may seem. She believes that gamers can use their creativity and ideas to cha nge and possibly save the planet. McGonigals feed was deemed as one of the Top 20 Breakthrough Ideas by HBR as tumefy as 1 Bright Idea of the Year by Brandweek. She has worked rough on discovering ways in which to prove this topics importance. At the World Innovation Forum in 2012 she spoke of her innovative idea, she stated that there are one billion people that play games for at least an hour a day and gave valid statistics of the popularity of genuine games.This shows the large amount of people with very yeasty capabilities in the world today, including young children. Gamers are proven to be capable of solving real world problems easier than those who neglect the hobby. Overall, gaming is deemed important and several studies show that gamers could lead to solving the worlds problems with their ideas and inventions in the future.The Book Can Digital Games Help Seniors Improve their Quality of Life? by Sauv L., Renaud L., Kaufman D. and Dupla E. provides information how not o nly children, but it is proven that already full-grown adults can learn and play digital games that could possibly influence both their health condition and their ability to track down on activities in their environment. The study that was provided with this idea consists of a goal to explore and define the user requirements for developing digital games of learning among older Europeans.This focused principally on types of learning games, motifal and social aspects, and the preferences and views people may have on game controllers. An experiment was performed in the initial stage which included a qualitive focus group study of people in the countries of Spain, The Netherlands, and Greece. In this group games existing in the market and others that were developed and created as other European kick projects were also included and presented to them.Both games were presented on video presentations and there was a possibility that some of these games were also provided to be able to be tested bring out as well. From this experiment, it was found that the causes or main keys to adults desiring to play these digital games was challenge, fun, escape from daily routine, socialization and the providing of learning opportunities. These learning opportunities and attractive qualities to these games could lead to better productive thinking and the more they are vie due to their addictive qualities, the better thinkers these gamers become.These game users describe themselves with characteristics such as active and participating in umteen leisure activities. This level of action mechanism the subjects describe appeared to be related with the contents which are proposed for videogames such as physical activity, culture, arts, history, geography, traveling, human sciences, daily life skills, etcetera This knowledge and information gathered and interpreted from focus groups can and will be used as input for the design of a learning game that will be largely compatible with the needs and abilities of a wide range of the older Europeans.The New York Times wrote an article on the statements and questions of experts who have played the videogames that Americans have spent ten thousand hours playing by the age of twenty-one. Edward Castronova, a professor of telecommunications at Indiana University, provides information that, Gamers are engaged, focused and happy. How many employers wish they could say that about still a tenth of their work force? Castronova has also studied and designed games online and goes on to state that there are similarities between the activities in games and the activities done at the work place.He states, Many activities in games are not very different from work activities. Look at information on a screen, discern immediate objectives, choose what to click and drag. A well-known and credited game designer and researcher at the take for the Future, Jane McGonigal, sums up this new arisen argument in her book, Reality is Br oken Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World.Her book basically provides the rise as well as the persuasion for designers to aim higher with games that could solve scientific problems and possibly promote happiness in daily life.In the way conflicting historical even, the emperor Charlemagne called a scholar who then gathered puzzles and games to challenge the young minds of the century at the time. Even the British during the less distant past credited their victory over Napoleon to the intelligence games played on the fields of Eton.When the time eventually came to the age in which intellectual games went digital the activity was denounced as escapism and an addiction. This was due to the fact that industrys revenues rivaled Hollywoods at the time. This time was also when children and adults gradually started to become more and more absorbed in these games and soon they even forsook television.This caused for gamings unhealthy and troublesome reputation that has carried on over through the years, even up to present day. But meanwhile, at this time a group of researchers seemed to be more interested and occupied in understanding why players had become this focused and absorbed into the games they played in the first place. Gamers seemed to be achieving a certain state of flow that psychologists had used to describe championship athletes as well as master musicians.Except with gamers, this flow did not take years of schooling to accomplish. Nicole Lazzaro, game-design consultant and president of XEODesign, conducted an experiment or study in which she recorded the faces of those who were playing video games to take note of their facial expressions. She also planned to consultation the gamer as well as their family and friends to find the important and crucial factors provided within a well game.Hard fun was a factor that was said to be important to be included in an entertaining game. Hard fun is described by Ms. Lazzaro as conquering and surpassing obstacles to reach an end goal. Even games and puzzles of older design had this attractive factor to them that gamers enjoyed. But the difference is that with video games, they now provide instant feedback and continual encouragement from the technology used, as well as fellow gamers.Most games provide video gamers with rewards using a steady and constant system throughout the entirety of the experience. As they progress in gaining more points and reaching higher levels, the challenges faced increase in difficulty as the players experience with the game as well as their skill with it increases. This causes for motivation and determination to defeat and progress the game despite the repetitive failing included in the experience.Dr. McGonigal has worked constantly on using this feeling and vibe from games for good in the real world. She has designed Cruel 2 B Kind. This is a game in which players advance by being nice and showing benevolence to strangers located in pub lic places. It has been played in more than 50 cities on four continents and has only had a positive impact overall. There are also other games and websites like Cruel 2 B Kind that improve peoples mood as well as actions and interactions with others.There is a enormous number of positives to video gaming as well as this type of interaction that occurs between people. As we improve our technology further we are also improving the quality of video games and their positive influences and impacts on not only children, but adults as well. Hopefully as we continue to progress, the purposes of video games will acquit more importance as well as unique and critical lessons and knowledge for all. But for now, video games are positively and greatly affecting our world and will hopefully continue doing so for generations to come.

Methods of Modifying Behavior in Children Essay

I give to admit, researching this topic was a little interesting and difficult. A lot of the information and dealt with tiddlerren who live with accepted medical conditions such as ADHD, ADD as well as other medical conditions that whitethorn need to be modified, oddly in a classroom setting. As a Site Coordinator of subsequently school programs for children in grades k-12, modifying demeanour was an e veryday thing for me. I invariably had to move into up with federal agencys to motivate my students to learn without causing a disruption in class, at home or better yet, anywhere. I remember constantly asking my students, Whats wrong with just doing right? Of course they gave me every exc utilisation in the world on why they couldnt get it right, just now honestly, it made me enjoy working with them, sometimes. This es theorize will discuss different types of p benting styles that may cause reasons for behavior modification, it will also discuss the different methods and styles that teachers use in coiffe to modify behavior in students who need a little more attention than the majority of the other students.While reading the expression Parenting Styles as Predictors of Externalizing and Internalizing Behavior Problems among Children, I discovered that there are three different parenting styles that may or may not cause modification methods for childrens behavior. The parenting styles are Authoritarian, Permissive and domineering. -Authoritarian parents combine high control with lower levels of warmth. This parenting style allows for strong parental command over their child, leaving minimal infix of the child in decisions or rationales (Baurmrind, 1991).In addition to high control and demand, authoritarian parents show little warmth, involvement, support, or emotional commitment to their child and it is proves to be as most negativeform of parenting (Baumrind & Black, 1967) (Akhter 2011). -Permissive parents exhibit high levels of warmth and low levels of control. Because warmth is displayed through overindulgence, permissive parents tend to be non-demanding and avoidant of commanding behavior or outlining boundaries in the childrens environment (Baumrind & Black, 1967) (Akhter 2011).-Authoritative parents tend to display both high control and high responsiveness and warmth to their children. Authoritative parents set reasonable demands on and have high expectations for their children while warm and responsive (Akhter 2011). All three styles have different techniques for raising children. even so though authoritarian and permissive parenting styles seem like they may cause the most need for behavior modification in children, authoritative has proven to cause behavior modification in children as well. I wanted to discuss these styles first because I believe it is important to understand why some children act the way they do.This same article discussed surveys that were given to several families to find out why their childr en act the way they do in school settings. Parenting styles have played a major role in the way a child matures and succeeds in life. While researching this topic, I found that all articles or information had some secernate parenting style that contributed to the behavior status of their children. Even in different countries and cultures, the parenting styles were typically within the same realm and they had the same behavior issues with their children. Behavioral and emotional problems that children may develop are commonly divided into two groups, i.e., disruptive or externalizing behavioral problems e.g., attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct problems and emotional or internalizing behavioral problems, e.g., anxiety and depression (Achenbach, 1991).Internalizing problems are intrapersonal in nature and appear in the form of withdrawal, depression, anxiety, and fearfulness (Achenbach, 1992 Campbell, 1995). Internalizing problems thus often affect individuals more than the others. Evidences indicate that shy and withdrawn behavior in reaction to social interaction may manifest as internalizing problems in childhood (Biederman et al., 2001) and adolescents (Caspi, Moffit, Newman,& Silva, 1996). The externalizing behavior refers to a group of conditions characterized by aggression, delinquency, and hyperactivity (Liu, 2004). They have common symptoms that are disruptive to others (Akhter 2011). Dealing with these issues as a child can be difficult during class especially if your peers are not experiencing the same behavior.In order to deal with children that suffer from the conditions stated above, certain methods need to happen. Most of the time parents tend to go for the medical method. Meaning they have their doctor prescribe a certain type medicine that will help calm their children or give them a quick fix so they can follow directions with residue during school or public places. Medication can help seal up the holes in the bucket, so to spea k, so parents and teachers wont have to assert reminding the child over and over to do something (Mason 2010). However, this has detrimental side effects to a child and should not be used as a womb-to-tomb cure. The medicine method is typically for children who suffer from ADD and ADHD. There is an alternative method used instead of medication for students who suffer for those conditions and that is to change their environment where the child is present so they can learn how to use their mind to cope with their surroundings while dealing with their condition.During school, teachers tend to keep the students busy instead of allow them disrupt class, this methods called the Self- Regulated Strategy Development or SRSD. Although addressing social and behavioral issues has been the primary focus of school-based research for students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD), the effects of well-designed academic program line are, fortunately, becoming more of a focus of research (Sutherland & Wehby, 2001 Trout, Nordness, Pierce, & Epstein, 2003). Researchers, moreover, have noted that students with EBD may especially benefit from commission that facilitates organizations, systematic thinking, and clear communication skills (Regan, Mastropieri, & Scruggs, 2005) (Mason, 2010). The SRSD instruction consists of the students completing six stages of strategy work develop in the first place skills and background knowledge, discussing it, modeling it, memorizing it, provided study help and learning to become independent while completing the work.An example of SRSD students are given quick writes discussing the current discussion topic from class for 10 minutes. Within the quick write,the students must pick an idea, organize the notes and say more then what was presented to them or they can create a topic sentence, give reasons for the topic and explain them along with giving a creative ending. Even though the most popular method for behavior modification is me dication, the other methods above can be very helpful and will not have detrimental side effects to the childs mental state of mind and behavior.When I first started out as a Site Coordinator for after school programs, I treated all my students the same. Meaning everyone had to act the same in order for them to get their reward from me. It had taken some time before I realized how unfair I was to some of my students. The students who did not have a problem with following directions had other students in their group that had a very hard time following my directions. I had to figure out ways to motivate my students who had a little more difficulty with following directions.Although I did not know I was using the SRSD method at the time, my positive reinforcement for my students after I gave them quick writes seemed to help out a little. It also depended on the student and how severely their behavior needed to be modified. I remember having several parent conversations with those stude nts who needed extra attention because I did not have a clear understanding on why they couldnt get right in my program. After reading this article, it makes sense now. I started to understand certain things on my own but this article gave me the professional explanation I was lacking.ReferencesParenting Styles as Predictors of Externalizing and Internalizing Behavior Problems Among Children Akhter, Noreen Hanif, Rubina Tariq, Naeem Atta, Mohsin. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research 26.1 (Summer 2011) 23-41.Evaluating Effective Writing precept for Adolescent Students in an Emotional and Behavior Support Setting. Mason, Linda H Kubina, Richard M, Jr. Valasa, Lauren L Cramer, Anne Mong. Behavioral Disorders 35.2 (Feb 2010) 140-156.

How Changes on Aggregate Demand Influence Price Levels

Diana Gaita Economics FB1 Discuss how changes on integrality demand influence price levels, make levels and employment. The meaning of gist is added together. All of the elements introduced in microeconomics be totaled in macroeconomics. Aggregate demand and supply analysis brings together the amount that guttlers wish to consume and firms wish to produce at any price levels. Aggregate demand (AD) is the total demand for final goods and operate in the economy (Y) at a given time and price level. Also it is the amount of goods and services that give be purchased at all possible price levels in the economy.This is called the demand for the rough Domestic Product of a country when inventory levels are static. The formula for aggregate demand is AD= C + I + G + (X-M) C Consumption, I Investment, G Government Spending, X Exports, M Imports. The AD curve is downward sloping but its not because people buy more when things are cheaper. There are threesome ways to explain the do wnward sloping of the AD curve * Lower prices in an economy mean international competitiveness, so thither are more exports and fewer imports. In other words, sack exports are higher at lower prices. The total amount of pass will be approximately equal to weather prices are low or high people dedicate almost the same amount of gold to spend, so the area under the curve is fairly constant. This is known as the real balance effect. * At higher price levels, interest rates are seeming to be rising by the monetary authorities. This means that investment, a component of aggregate demand, will fall and saving might plus. There are three main components of aggregate demand * The Price level and Consumption The Wealth Effect A decrease in the price level makes consumers feel wealthier, which in turn encourages them to spend more.This growth in consumer spending means larger quantities of goods and services demanded. When consumers feel insecure with their job security and incomes the y are more believably to save money. Since there is a positive relationship between consumption and aggregate demand, an increase in consumption will result in an in crease in the aggregate demand. This shift will contribute to higher levels of output and this could have positive and negative effects. An increase in output unremarkably results in higher levels of employment, since more workers are needed to produce the goods and services.When consumption shifts the AD curve to right, the general price levels tend to increase. This occurs because consumers demand more goods and services and the aggregate supply may take a long time to respond to the changes due to limited resources. This can lead to a demand-pull inflation. However, this is not ever the case. Countries try to increase their aggregate supply in order to respond to the changes in AD. If they achieve this, the output will rise due to an increase in consumption, promoting economic growth and employment, but prices wil l remain the same or rise by a smaller percentage, preventing the high level of inflation. The Price Level and Investment The Interest Rate Effect This usually occurs when a lower price level reduces the interest rate, which encourages greater spending on investment goods. This increase in investment spending means a larger quantity of goods and services demanded. This means when firms and individuals finance the great(p) stock invest in such(prenominal) things as machinery, this can result in employment rate decreasing. Interest rates play a big role when firms decide upon how much money to invest. If they are too high, it is a discouragement for firms to borrow as its costs rise, thus decreasing their disposable income decreases.However, investment is not only affected by interest rates. The interest elasticity of demand tends to be very low since investors have a variety of factors to take into consideration when deciding upon how much and where to invest. In some cases, investo rs do not borrow money from banks, so interest rate fluctuations will not have any significant effect on levels of investment. Confidence in future sales patterns and government incentive and regulations will also affect the investment levels. Another injection in the economy is the multiplier effect of the investment.In the economy, the money invested today will have a greater impact such as increasing the levels of output in the future. This is because investment rises the capital stock. With an evolution in technology, the machineries help production become faster and cheaper, thus contributing greatly to increasing the output in long-term. * The Price Level and pass Exports The Exchange-Rate Effect Exports represent an injection into the circular flow of income, in that the money paid for goods and services sold abroad enters the domestic flow of income.Imports mean that there is an outflow of money, and exports minus imports gives the total movement of funds known as net expor ts. There are a number of reasons why the value of net exports might change. If the exchange rate increases in value against other currencies, imports become cheaper and exports more expensive on world markets. Over time, people respond to these recounting price movements and the demand for exports falls and the demand for imports rises. A stronger currency will worsen net exports, whereas a weaker currency will improve the figure.Also, for example if a fall in the UK price level causes UK interest rates to fall, the real exchange rate depreciates, which stimulates UK net exports. The increase in net export spending means a larger quantity of goods and services demanded. However, in the short run the price elasticity of demand for exports and imports tends to be low. This may be because contracts have been signed for specific deals in international trade, or because the traded components are a very small percentage of firms overall costs.In conclusion, the aggregate demand changes in answer to a change in any of its components. A raise in consumption, investment, exports and net exports will shift the AD curve to the right. This usually results in an increase in prices and an increase of the total output of the economy, but there are many other factors affecting this process. All societies experience short-run economic fluctuations almost long-run trends, these fluctuations are irregular and largely unpredictable.When recessions occur, real GDP and other measures of income, spending, and production fall, and unemployment rises. Economists analyze short-run economic fluctuations using the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model. According to the model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply, the output of goods and services and the overall level of prices adjust to balance aggregate demand and aggregate supply. The aggregate-demand curve slopes downward for three reasons a wealth effect, an interest rate effect, and an exchange rate effect.

Central Secretariat

The aboriginal secretariate system in India is based on two principles (1) The designate of policy formulation needs to be separated from policy implementation. (2) Maintaining Cadre of incumbents operating on the tenure system is a prerequisite to the working of the Secretariat system. The Central Secretariat is a policy making body of the government and is not, to under(a)take work of performance, unless necessitated by the lack of official agencies to perform certain tasks. The Central Secretariat normally performs the following functions (1)Assisting the minister in the discharge of his policy making and parliamentary functions. 2)Framing legislation, rules and principles of procedure. (3)Sect oral planning and programme formulation. (4)(a) Budgeting and potency of expenditure in respect of activities of the Ministry/de ramifyment. (b)Securing administrative and financial approval to operational programme and their subsequent modifications. (c)Supervision and control over the execution of policies and programmes by the decision maker divisions or semi-autonomous field agencies. (d)Imitating steps to develop greater personnel and organizational competence both in the ministry/department and its executive agencies. e)Assisting in increasing coordination at the Central level. Structure of Central Secretariat Structure of Central Secretariat is such that the entire system is divided into a number of secretaries, deputy secretaries, pin secretaries and so on. The division of posts is hierarchical in nature. The Central Secretariat is a collection of various ministries and departments. But the Cabinet Secretariat, which is in reality a ministry comprising to a greater extent than one department, is still cognize as the secretariat. A ministry is the charge allotted to ministers.This may include one or more departments depending upon administrative convenience, each under the charge of a secretary. A department on the other hand is an organizat ional unit consisting of a secretary to government together with a part of the central secretariat under his administrative control on which the responsibility of performing specific functions has been conferred. Thus technically, a department should be identified with a secretarys charge and a ministry with a ministers charge. However, this distinction is not always maintained.Thus, if a ministry has more than one department deep down itself, it may have more than one secretary in which case there will arise the need for making one secretary superlative to other secretaries who will represent the ministry. A ministry is responsible for the formation of the government policy within its sphere of responsibility as well as for the execution of that policy. Thus in terms of internal organisation, a ministry is divided into the following segments within an officer in charge of each of them to expedite mattersDepartment- Secretary/ redundant/Special Secretary Wing- Joint/Additional Sec retary. Division- Under Secretary. Section- Section Officer The lowest of such units is the section in charge of a Section Officer and consists of a number of assistants, clerks, Daftaries, typists and peons. It deals with the work relating to the subject allotted to it. It is also referred to as the Office. Two sections constitute the branch which is under the charge of an under secretary, also known as the Branch Officer.Two branches ordinarily form a division which is normally headed by a deputy secretary. When the volume of work in a ministry exceeds the dirigible charge of a secretary, one or more wings are established with a joint secretary in charge of each wing. At the top of the hierarchy comes the department which is headed by the secretary himself or in some cases by an additional/ special secretary. In some cases, a department may be as autonomous as a ministry and equivalent to it in rank. FUNCTIONS

Albert Pujols Bio

Jose Alberto Pujols Alcantara was born on January 16 1980. He was born in the Dominican land and was raised there also. He was raised by his grandmother. At a young age he wanted to follow in his fathers footsteps and become a great creationball player like his father, he had a dream to play in the majors. In 1996 his family immigrated to New York City. Pujols attended spike Osage High School as a sophomore. In his first year at Fort Osage his batting average was over . 500 and he pullulate 11 homeruns. He received All-State Honors.In his junior year of High School with only playing one period of high school baseball he started to attract the attention of pro scouts. In his junior year other teams avoided pitching to him as much as they could. With 55 walks in 88 at bats he still hit 8 homeruns. Now the pro scouts advised him to leave High School and find a collage that could get him better exposure. Pujols played in the All-Star game for high schoolers there he drew the attenti on of Maple Woods Community Collage coach Marty Kilgore.He recruited the 18-year-old star. His main priority was to increase his stock in the upcoming draft of 2000. In his first collage de moreover he did amazing things. He stared at short stop and batted . 461. He hit a grand slam in the regular season of future all-star Mark Buehrle. He also morose an unassisted triple play. The unassisted triple play is the rarest thing that can happen in baseball. The player turns a triple play by himself without the divine service of the other players. For his freshman year of collage he hit 22 homeruns and 80 run batted ins.During the Junior College World Series the scouting report on Albert Pujols said it was better to put him on base than to pitch to him. Even though they did not pitch to him anymore the Major league teams had seen enough. Among the teams observation him was the St. Louis Cardinals. The Cardinals had been watching the hard hitting infielder the closest out of all the team s. The Cardinals selected Pujols in the 13th Round of the draft. They offered him a 10,000 dollar bonus for signing but he dark it down and decided to play in the Jayhawks fusion.There he joined the Hay Larks. It was 4 hours away from where he was living so he travel in with his manager and his wife. In 55 games he topped the Larks in homeruns and in batting average. At the end of the summer the Cardinals finally started to appreciate Pujols and offered him 60,000. He accepted. During the fall ball season he started to learn a new position, Third base. In the winter he returned to his home and married his wife Diadre. She already had a child named Isabella. After that moment they were never separated.In 2000 he was assigned to the Peoria headings a Class A League, his new wife and Isabella followed him. At the Chief he played as their Third baseman. He was named the circuits top defensive man at the hot corner, with the best infield arm. During that season there was seven no hitt ers thrown. Still even with that Pujols finished second in the league with a . 324 batting average, and added 32 doubles, 17 home runs and 84 RBIs. He only struck out 37 multiplication it under just 400 at bats. The Peoria Chiefs finished under . 500 but Pujols was named League MVP.After that he made his way through the Cardinals farm league teams. He earned a promotion to the Potomac Cannons, then an affiliate of the Cardinals in the Carolina League. After a strong month by Pujols at the Double-A level the St. Louis brass wanted to see him against Triple-A talent. He was promoted again to the Memphis Redbirds, who were preparing for the Pacific Coast League playoffs. In seven games, Albert hit . 367 with two homeruns, as Memphis nipped the Albuquerque Dukes to advance to the PCL championship series.The Redbirds faced the Salt Lake Buzz, a Minnesota Twins farm team and thwarted them for the PCL crown. Albert was named the leagues postseason MVP. With injuries on the Cardinals they were able to keep Pujols. To his surprise he found himself on the line-up against the Colorado Rockies playing left field. At three at bats he managed to get one hit. The next game they were on the road. The Cards traveled to Arizona, where Pujols destroyed the Diamondbacks with a homerun, three doubles and eight RBIs in three games.Included in his offensive barrage was a ringing two-run double off Randy Johnson. In 2003 he hurt his elbow, which enabled him to make long throws. He ended the season batting . 359 with 51 doubles, 43 homeruns and 124 RBIs. He struck out just 65 times in close to 700 plate appearances. In 2005 he was put on the disabled list and missed 15 games. He started playing first base in the all-star game and has been playing first base for the Cards since then. His batting average is . 269 for this year and has hit 7 homeruns.