Falconry Essay Example for Free

Falconry Essay Falconry, also known as hawking, is a form of hunting which involves the use of trained hawks and falcons to prey on other animals. Falconry may be considered one of the oldest sports, dating back over 4,000 years ago in Egypt and China that is still practiced today. Falconry was considered a status symbol, restricted to noble classes, in medieval Europe and a way of obtaining food. Falconry still exists today with more than 3,800 licensed falconers in the United States. Historically, falconry was not only a popular sport but was considered a status symbol among the aristocracy of medieval Europe. Legend has it that a Persian King watched a falcon kill another bird and ordered his men to capture the falcon. The king kept the falcon with him at all times, learned many lessons from it and was considered the first falconer. The origin of falconry can be traced back to 2000 BC through ancient writings, drawings and artifacts. There is debate as to when and where falconry originated, however, some historians place its origin in Asia around the second century A. D. and then spread west, while other historians place the origin in Arabia or the Middle East based on records dated 8,000 BC, found of a king who used birds of prey. It is known that by the fourth century, falconry had spread through Western Europe and Britain. Most of the information about falconry comes from its popularity in medieval Europe and the Middle East during the middle ages. The sport of falconry began to decline in popularity during the 1700 and 1 +-*. 800s because of the decline of nobility and the increased use of firearms to kill animals for food and for sport. However, by the 1900s, its popularity was renewed and the largest falconry association, the Peregrine Blub was established in the United States. Falconry is now legal in the United States in all states except Hawaii and the District of Columbia. State and federal licenses are required to practice this sport. Falconry not only exists today in the United States but also is practiced throughout the world. Originally, the purpose of falconry was to obtain food to eat, however, nobility (Kings of Britain, Russian Czars and the Holy roman Emperors) shifted this purpose to one of social entertainment. Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Sicily and Jerusalem was considered to be the greatest falconer of the medieval age. Falconry became so popular that it became regulated with a strict set of customs called the Laws of Ownership. These laws dictated what type of birds could be owned by various social ranks. The table shown below gives a partial listing of social rank and appropriate bird. There were also severe punishments including time in jail to anyone who harmed a falcon’s bird nest, eggs, and young or took a falcon from the wild that did not belong to you. One of the most severe punishments was given to a person who flew a bird above what your rank permitted. This punishment was having your hand cut off. Social rank and appropriate bird (adapted from original table) King| Gyr Falcon| Prince| Peregrine Falcon| Knight| Saker| Squire| Lanner| Lady| Female Merlin| Priest| Female Sparrowhawk| Knaves, servants, children| Kestrel| Adapted from The Ancient Art of Falconry The players in this sport are the falconer and his or her raptor. The falconer is the person that handles or trains the raptor. Their principle responsibilities were to ensure that his master’s birds of prey, raptors, were fully trained, well-fed and ready to hunt when called upon. The raptor is a bird of prey with a hooked beak for tearing meat, and powerful, hooked talons for grasping and holding prey. Not all raptors are suitable for falconry. Suitable raptors can be grouped by the way they are flown at the prey and are divided into three categories: broad-winged hawks, short-wing hawks and long-wing hawks. The broad-wing hawks (Buteos) include the Golden Eagles, Buzzards and Harris hawk that hunt rabbits and other ground game. They are also known as the â€Å"bombers†. The short-wing hawks (Accipiters) are used to hunt other birds in wooded or bushy terrain and include goshawks. They are called the â€Å"attack helicopters. † The long-winged hawks, considered the â€Å"true† falcons, are considered the â€Å"fighter jets. † They hunt other birds, such as waterfowl in open country. The Peregrine Falcons, Gyrfalcon, Lanner Falcon and the American Kestrel are included in this group. The different physical characteristics of these raptors allow the hunter to vary his or her hunting method. Each of the various physical characteristics allows adaptation to their hunting environment. The buteos will usually perch in high trees and then dive on the prey out in the open, hence the name â€Å"bomber†. Because the Accipiters have short wings, they can easily maneuver and can chase their prey through the various terrains, similar to â€Å"attack helicopters. † The long-winged hawks, â€Å"fighter jets†, circle hundreds of feet in the air and then stoop at very high speeds (averaging 25-34 mph and reaching up to 200 mph) to knock their prey out of the sky using their feet as fists. Broad-winged-buzzardShort-winged-Goshawk Long-winged-Peregrine Falconmonacoeye. com goshawk dove4. jpg mysideofthemountain. wikispaces. com The relationship between the falconer and raptor is very important and training a falcon is not easy. Although the raptor is not a pet, it is trained to accept the presence of their trainer in their natural pursuit of prey. Great skill and patience is involved when training falcons. A falcon responds to its trainer not out of affection or fear but out of the association of a trainer to its only source of food. The first stage of training is called manning. In this stage, the tethered raptor becomes accustomed to being handled and eating food from a gloved hand. During the next stage, a tethered raptor is rewarded with food for flying short distances and returning. The use of a hood on the bird kept the bird calm and prevents distractions while it is preparing to fly. Once a tethered raptor has learned to fly to his trainer consistently, the raptor can be brought out to an open meadow where they are taught to rise from the owner’s wrist on command and gain the experience of hunting. The introduction to the swing-lure is part of this next phase of training. A string is attached to one of the bird’s claws and the bird had circled around it would be reeled in at the falconer’s command. When the raptor makes a kill, the reward is only a small piece of the kill because only hungry raptors hunt. If the raptor is not hungry, it is possible that it will not return to the falconer. One of the misconceptions is that the raptor will bring back its kills to the falconer. The falconer must find his raptor; some use a dog as part of the team, and exchanges a fresh piece of meat for the catch. irportjournals. com Falconry became popular again in America in 1920 after an issue in the National Geographic Magazine published an article â€Å"Falconry, the sport of Kings†. Unfortunately, just as interest in falconry was peaking, the raptors were beginning to die due to synthetic chemical poisons such as DDT. This poison caused reproductive failure in many of the raptor birds including the peregrine falcon. The United States banned the use of DDT and enacted the Endangered Species Act that gave protection to some bird species including the Peregrine Falcon. Two U. S. falconers, Tom Cade and Heinz Meng, began a captive-breeding program to lead repopulation efforts of these endangered species. Their program has been very successful by breeding and releasing thousands of peregrines. The practice of modern day falconry is very similar to traditional falconry with some minor modifications. These modifications include: use of transmitters, type of birds used and the ability to use captive-breed birds. Often transmitters are now placed on the falcon in order to help a falconer locate his bird from several miles away. The type of birds used in modern falconry has increased. Birds such as the Red-Tail and Harris’ Hawk are two new additions that have been successfully used. Finally, ancient falconry required that a falconer trap his own bird from the wild. Today, falconers have the ability to selectively breed and hybridize their own birds. This came about during the time of repopulation efforts of the endangered Peregrine Falcon. Modern day falconry is currently being practiced in many countries around the world including the United States and is legal in all states except Hawaii and in the District of Columbia. The biggest change from traditional falconry is the restraints and legalities under which falconers must practice their sport. A falconer must possess both a state and federal license in addition to serving as an apprentice for 2 years under a licensed falconer. Only at this time, can the falconer possess either an American kestrel or a red-tailed hawk legally. Presently, there are over 10,000 licensed falconers in the United States. Falconry seems like a very interesting sport that I would definitely be interested in learning more about. If I had enough money and time, I might consider becoming a falconer as one of my hobbies.

Germany under Bismarck :: essays research papers

Germany under Bismarck The Historical Debate The view of Bismarck over the years has changed and it is the historical debate surrounding our perception of him and his intentions that often shapes our interpretation of the German unification. No 19th century figure has attracted the attention and controversy that surround the achievement of Otto von Bismarck, with the exception perhaps of Napoleon Bonaparte. The success of Bismarck’s work in unifying Germany has shifted from a determinist to a dialectic approach. Early historiography had portrayed him as a master statesman, leading Germany to her rightful destiny. However, dissent from this thesis was at first from non-German historians who re-interpreted later events to conclude that there were more sinister implications to the work of the ‘Iron Chancellor’, making him a more Machiavellian and immoral politician. Later historians, after the Second World War adopted a teleological interpretation of Bismarck accusing him of leading the way for the disastrous era of Nazism by crippling the development of democratic institutions in Germany, he laid the country open to future dictatorships however, some historians have argued that Bismarck could not be held for all future developments. They cite his semi-feudal brand of conservatism, arguing that along with his religion and his limited Pan-German view, these factors all distanced him greatly from the principles of Nazism. Recent developments have tended to move away from the study of ‘Grand Policy’, to diminish the role played by great men such as Bismarck, but to stress the wider context in which they operated. Themes and Problems of 19th century Europe The collapse of the Napoleonic empire in 1814-15 brought the statesmen of Europe to provide for he political future of France and those territories conquered by France. In addition they had to reestablish the balance of power shattered by the Napoleonic campaigns, and to ensure against any similar disruption. France was forced to accept a restoration of the Bourbon dynasty, and a large war indemnity and an army of occupation was imposed. The justifications were manifold however, few do come to mind. Firstly, the Allies sought to prevent future French expansion by the creation of a cordon of relatively strong states around her borders. To this end, a new United Kingdom of the Netherlands was created, consisting of the old Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands (now Belgium). Secondly, this cordon was backed and supported by a loose confederation of 38 states known as the German confederation which was established to compensate for the collapse of the old Holy Roman Empire which would ensure that a mass of small German states would be less easy prey for a future expansionist power.

Helpful Predators in Agriculture Essay

The effective way of managing insect pests is usually through the execution of multiple methods, these differing tactics are assimilated into a single method to keep the pests at an acceptable level. Execution of multiple methods minimizes the possibility of the pests in adapting to any of the single method. An apt definition of integrated pest management, according to Cornell University’s Biological Control, would be, â€Å"An ecologically based pest control strategy that relies heavily on natural mortality factors and seeks out control tactics that disrupt these factors as little as possible† (Weeden, Shelton, and Hoffmann). These agricultural pests, according to Altieri and Nicholls, such as insects, nematodes, and weeds, are responsible for more than 30% damaged crop production worldwide annually. These losses had been consistent since the 1940’s, when farmers started using chemicals in order to control pests (10). These agrichemicals that have been used have its setbacks; they have proved to be costly to farmers, they are harmful to the environment and, despite its popularity, it had not proven to be 100% effective. As mentioned in Organic Gardening magazine, insect-pests continued to be a problem mainly due to the pests’ resistance and their unusual ability to adapt to a single method control strategy (1992). Many farmers are now looking for a solution that is less dependent on agrichemicals and focused more on copying nature’s way of predatory system, among plants and insects. This method, known as ecological pest management, delegates the entire farm as a complete complex system. This new method aims to keep the insect population at a manageable level with the use of many supporting or interdependent strategies, compared to the old method of aiming for the total eradication of every pest using one method for each pest. The method of ecological pest management uses forces that have been present in the natural world, longer even than the invention of agriculture itself. As plants develop their innate defense mechanism against pests, they were helped by factors within the ecosystem, such as: â€Å"1. Insects that prey on crop insects and mites by eating or sucking their juices. 2. Helpful parasites that appropriate pests for food. 3. Organisms that cause diseases to insects, at times being fatal, and keep them from feeding or reproducing; these organisms also prey on weeds. 4. Helpful fungi and bacteria that stays on roots, thereby retarding advances of disease organisms† (Altieri and Nicholls, 11). Biological control is much like a living insecticide. It is the employment of natural enemies with the purpose of managing pests. It usually involves manipulating an insect into attacking a pest insect. According to a report published by Sustainable Agricultural Network, the natural enemy may be a predator, a parasite, or a disease that will attack pests (78). Helpful predators belong primarily in the families of beetle, dragonfly, wasp, and bugs. Using chemical insecticides have been known to have eliminated these predators in farms. It has been studied that pests like Tetranychid mites, for example, have been plentiful in apple plantations where pesticides have wiped out entire predators’ population (Altieri and Nicholls, 80). Almost all predators prey on a vast variety of insect species and on different life stages, thereby making them very useful in managing insect pests. Some of the most efficient predators are spiders, lady beetles, ground beetles, lacewings, minute pirate bugs, big-eyed bugs, and syrphid flies (Altieri and Nicholls, 86). Conclusion Agriculture had been changing its ways, it has been steadily returning to nature for the answers it has long sought for. Insecticides and pesticides are gradually being stored in the shelves, resulting in a healthier soil, crops, and a healthier method of farming. Perhaps it is within the grand design, that when human ingenuity falters, we return to commune with nature. Works Cited Altieri, Miguel and Clara Nicholls. Manage Insects on Your Farm, A Guide to Ecological Strategies. Beltsville, MD, Sustainable Agricultural Network, 2005. Meet the Beneficial Insects, Organic Gardening. 09 February 1992. Retrieved 09 April 2009. Weeden, Catherine, Anthony Shelton and Michael Hoffmann. The Integrated Pest Management Strategy, Biological Control: A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America. Cornell University. Retrieved 09 April 2009.

Psychiatric Sisorder Bipolar Disorder - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1914 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Bipolar Disorder Essay Did you like this example? Bipolar Disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorder that an individual can be diagnosed with. Bipolar disorder is a consider as a mental illness (2013). Bipolar disorder is a disorder where you can have repeated of low depression to high manic episodes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Psychiatric Sisorder: Bipolar Disorder" essay for you Create order They are many symptoms that you can experience if you are diagnosed with bipolar disorder. There are many medications, you can take to help control your episodes such as Anticonvulsant (2005). However, when you are taking any kind of Bipolar medication you must make sure you are taking the right doses of medication, so it can help you control your symptoms of manic episodes. Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a disorder with recurrent episodes of mood swings that can range from low depression to high manic episodes. Many people know that Bipolar disorder is one of the most challenging psychiatric disorder to be diagnosed with. Bipolar disorder is widely known as manic depression. The global lifetime occurrence rate of bipolar disorder is roughly 1% (Harrison Keating, 2005). I know that Bipolar disorder can have a negative impact on your life. In many cases, Bipolar disorder can lead to suicide attempts and actual suicide. Anderson et all (2013) stated that deliberate self-harm-particularly associated with depressive and mixed episodes, psychosis and substance misuse occurs in 30-40% of patients. The completed suicide rates large 7.8% of men and 4.8% in women. There are two types of Bipolar disorder. Bipolar I and Bipolar II. Bipolar I is referred to elevated mood swings that are severe and sustained this called Mania episode. Bipolar II is associated with less severe depressive and hypomanic episodes. (Anderson et all 2013). I know men are more likely to be diagnosed with Bipolar disorder I then women and Bipolar II are more common in women than men. The most common age that someone can be diagnosed with bipolar disorder is roughly around the ages of 24. However, there are many cases with children have been diagnosed with Bipolar disorders. I know that children and adult are diagnosed with bipolar disorder, it is a consider as a mental illness. It will become a lifetime illness, but with the help of medications an individual who is suffering from bipolar disorder can live happy and normal life. Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder Bipolar symptoms can range from mild to severe. Starting with adults who has symptoms of Bipolar disorder. Their symptoms of bipolar disorder can include unexpected mood swings such as feeling tired, hopeless, problems with sleeping, not interested in daily activities, not interact with family members, increased speech, distractibility, and racing thoughts. Anderson et all (2013). Symptoms in children are a little harder to detect than adults because in children you are expecting children to act out and have different mood swings for their age. Children who are experiencing bipolar symptoms can become angry easily. Many children will start to act silly or become extremely happy is also a symptom of bipolar disorder. Another symptom to look for is to see is the child is staying focusing in school or even during daily activities. Diagnosed of Bipolar Disorder According to (Anderson et al,. 2013), there is a key to diagnosis of patients who are suffering from Bipolar disorder. One of the main factors to look into is to see if the patients have a presence or history of hypomania or mania. Hypomania can last for a short period of time such as having episodes that last for a few days. However, mania episodes are slightly different than hypomania. Mania episodes are blown out mania episodes which last for several days or even months. I know it some cases, individuals who have manic episodes sometimes must be hospitalized. I know that the sooner you diagnosed a person the better outcome you will have. When it comes to diagnosis, patient with bipolar disorder, it sometime can get confused with other mental illness such as Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia patients can have the same symptoms as a patient who experiencing bipolar disorder. They are many diagnosed cases where someone can be overdiagnosis. Anderson stated that to avoid overdiagnosis of b ipolar disorder requires the presence of mania with euphoria and not just irritability and an episodic course. This statement was in place to avoid any possible overdiagnosis for any patient. I know it is very important to document everything you do with patients who has bipolar disorder. (Pfennig et al,.2013) stated that individual course of bipolar disorder should be documented, with reference to the attainment of defined treatment goals. This can be achieved with the assistance of established external evaluation instruments or by the patient keeping an ideal daily record of his/her moods. There is a couple professional who can treat, and diagnosis bipolar disorder and they are Psychiatrist, a Primary care provider and a Clinical psychologist. Treatments for Bipolar Disorder According to Pfennig (2013), the goal of treatment for bipolar disorder is to achieve as high possible level of psychosocial function and health related quality of life. Treatments for bipolar disorder can range from a therapy session to medications to supportive care. Personally, I know there are many therapy sessions to help deal with bipolar disorder. The first therapy session that I know is a support group. A support group is a group of people who shared the same condition as you this type of therapy is more like a counseling setting where you talk about your problem and feelings. The second type of therapy session that I know that can help for bipolar patients is psychoeducation. Psychoeducation is a type of session where you can get educated about your mental illness or your conditions. The third therapy session that I know is Cognitive behavioral therapy. Cognitive behavior therapy is when you are in a talkative therapy that you focused on negative behaviors and feeling you ha ving. The fourth therapy session that I know that is good for bipolar patients and their family is Family therapy. Family Therapy is in place for the family of the patients to come together and talk about their problems. The last therapy session that I know for bipolar patients is Psychotherapy. Psychotherapy is a form of therapy where you can talk through your mental illness. Another Bipolar disorder treatment that can benefit bipolar disorder patients are supportive care. I know that in supportive care patients must stay in a hospital setting. In most cases, patients who stay in a supportive care setting can take medication that is not offered outside of the hospital. Therefore, they need to be closely monitored to watch for different side effect that might occur. They are many medications, you can take to help control bipolar disorder individuals. Some different medication can include Antipsychotic, Anticonvulsant and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor also known as SSRI. I k now one of the most effective medication or drugs to treat Bipolar disorder is Carbamazepine. According to the (Harrison Keating., 2005) they conduct a study of extended-release formation of carbamazepine. This study includes a 3-week trials and a 6 month long extended study. They find out that the most treatment-emergent events were observed in the study of extended-release of carbamazepine were from mild to moderate severity. During the 3-week trails of extended-release of carbamazepine they find out that there was a greater reduction in the white blood cell count. During this stage they only find one confirmed case of leukopenia and it was considered to be serious. Carbamazepine According to Harrison Keating, (2005) Carbamazepine was the first preparation to be approved in the United States for the treatment of Bipolar disorder. However, before carbamazepine was first preparation for a treatment of bipolar disorder it was used to treat patients who suffered from epilepsy, trigeminal neuralgia. Trigeminal neuralgia is a continuous pain that affects the trigeminal nerve in the face. Harrison Keating, (2005) stated that carbamazepine was recommended as a second-line agent that was a treatment for acute manic or mixed episodes that was linked with bipolar I disorder it shown the effectiveness in Bipolar mania episodes. The pharmacodynamic of Carbamazepine develop at the cellular receptors which can affect benzodiazepine receptors and adenosine and GABAb receptors. This means that the drug carbamazepine will binds the calcium channels and inhibits the sodium channels at the receptor site. Harrison Keating (2005). Personally, I know that Carbamazepine also has many trade drugs names such as Tegretol and Carbatrol. During my research, I find out that carbamazepine can have an impact on your liver and Carbamazepine can cause liver damage. Doses of Carbamazepine (Harrison Keating, 2005) stated that the extended-release of carbamazepine were created into a capsule formulation and the drug was admitted through two-doses. The two doses were 800-1600 mg per day. However, the single doses of carbamazepine were a little over 200 to 800 mg dose range. The absorption of the extended-release of carbamazepine reported to be a slow absorption. Absorption of carbamazepine will last only about 6 hours, and this will be followed into multiples of doses. Extended-release carbamazepine is suited to because 40% of a dose is contained in extended release beads that dissolve over 8â€Å"12 hours this form of absorption is taking place along the gastrointestinal tract, and 35% of a dose is contained in the enteric released beads that will dissolve in the intestines. Harrison Keating (2005) stated that carbamazepine is a variable because of the autoinduction from it owns metabolism by the CYP3A4 enzyme. So, this means it can interact with additional drugs tha t are inhibitors Harrison Keating (2005). I know that a lot medication that we are prescribe that we do not have to take anything with such as food however, in this case you must take food with carbamazepine. Conclusion Many people know that Bipolar disorder is one of the most challenging psychiatric disorder to be diagnosed in adults and children. Bipolar disorder is most known as manic depression. However, bipolar disorder is a disorder where recurrent episodes of mood swings can take place and the mood swing range from low depression to high main episodes. There are roughly 1 % of people will be diagnosed with Bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder symptoms can include unexpected mood swings such as feeling tired, hopeless, problems with sleeping, not interested in daily activities, not interact with family members, increased speech, distractibility, and racing thoughts. (Anderson, Haddad, Scott, 2013). When it comes to diagnosis patients with bipolar disorder the first thing you should look at is to see if the patients had any prior history of hypomania or mania episodes. Their many effective treatments for patients who suffering from bipolar disorder. Many treatments can range from medication to t herapy session. There are many effective bipolar disorder medications and one those medications are called Carbamazepine. Carbamazepine is a drug that belongs in the benzodiazepine classification and this drug is used as an anticonvulsant drug to help treat bipolar disorder. Carbamazepine doses range from 200 to 800 milligram to 800 milligrams to 1200 per day. Bipolar disorder is one of the most psychiatric disorder in our society today, but if you take your medication daily and in the right way you can live a happy and stable life. References Pfennig, A., Bschor, T., Falkai, P., Bauer, M. (2013). The diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder. . Deutsches ?„rzteblatt International, https://huie.hsu.edu:2048/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=psyhAN=2013-06217-001site=ehost-live. Anderson, I. M., Haddad, P. M., Scott, J. (2013). Bipolar disorder. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 27-32. Retrieved from Retrieved from https://huie.hsu.edu:2080/stable/23493486 Harrison, T. S., Keating, M. G. (2005). Extended-release carbamazepine capsules: In bipolar I disorder. CNS Drugs, 709â€Å"716. Retrieved from https://doi-org.ezproxy.hsu.edu/10.2165/00023210-200519080-00006